*hrōpaną

Runic: ᚺᚱᛟᛈᚨᚾᚨ Pronunciation: /ˈxrɔː.pɑ.nɑ̃/

verb · Strong class 7e

Meanings

to cry out, call, shout

Etymology

Of unclear origin. The traditional connection with *hrōþiz (‘glory, fame’) is phonetically problematic due to the unknown function and origin of the suffix *-p-. That said, Kroonen appears to suggest the tentative possibility that the word is indeed from the same root as *hrōþiz, with the *-p- arising from analogical association with the semantically similar but unrelated Proto-Germanic *wōpijaną (‘to cry out, lament’).

Other theories connect the word to Ancient Greek κόραξ (kórax) (kórax), Latin corvus (‘raven’), Lithuanian šárka (‘magpie’) in the sense of "caw".

Conjugation

Present active

Person	Indicative	Subjunctive	Imperative
1st singular	hrōpō	hrōpaų	–
2nd singular	hrōpizi	hrōpaiz	hrōp
3rd singular	hrōpidi	hrōpai	hrōpadau
1st dual	hrōpōz	hrōpaiw	–
2nd dual	hrōpadiz	hrōpaidiz	hrōpadiz
1st plural	hrōpamaz	hrōpaim	–
2nd plural	hrōpid	hrōpaid	hrōpid
3rd plural	hrōpandi	hrōpain	hrōpandau

Present passive

Person	Indicative	Subjunctive
1st singular	hrōpai	–
2nd singular	hrōpazai	hrōpaizau
3rd singular	hrōpadai	hrōpaidau
1st dual	–	–
2nd dual	–	–
1st plural	hrōpandai	hrōpaindau
2nd plural	hrōpandai	hrōpaindau
3rd plural	hrōpandai	hrōpaindau

Past

Person	Indicative	Subjunctive
1st singular	hehrōp	hehrōpį̄
2nd singular	hehrōft	hehrōpīz
3rd singular	hehrōp	hehrōpī
1st dual	hehrōpū	hehrōpīw
2nd dual	hehrōpudiz	hehrōpīdiz
1st plural	hehrōpum	hehrōpīm
2nd plural	hehrōpud	hehrōpīd
3rd plural	hehrōpun	hehrōpīn

Non-finite Forms

Infinitive	Present Participle	Past Participle
hrōpaną	hrōpandz	hrōpanaz

Find a form

Descendants

*hrōpan (Proto-West Germanic)
- ruopan (Old Dutch)
  - roepen (Middle Dutch)
    - roepen (Dutch)
    - rope (Limburgish)
*hrōpan (Proto-West Germanic)
- hrōpan (Old English)
  - ropen, rope, roupe, rupe (Middle English)
    - roop, roup (English)
    - ropeare (Yola)
*hrōpan (Proto-West Germanic)
- hrōpan (Old English)
  - ropen, rope, roupe, rupe (Middle English)
    - roup, croup (Scots)
      - croup (English)
        
        kroep (Dutch)
        
        croup (French)
*hrōpan (Proto-West Germanic)
- hrōpa (Old Frisian)
  - roppe (West Frisian)
*hrōpan (Proto-West Germanic)
- hrōpa (Old Frisian)
  - ropa (Saterland Frisian)
    - roupe (Saterland Frisian)
*hrōpan (Proto-West Germanic)
- ruofan, hruofan (Old High German)
  - ruofen (Middle High German)
    - ruafn (Bavarian)
    - rofe (Central Franconian)
    - rufen (German)
    - ruffen (Luxembourgish)
    - רופֿן (rufn) (Yiddish)
*hrōpan (Proto-West Germanic)
- hrōpan (Old Saxon)
  - rôpen (Middle Low German)
    - ropen (German Low German)
hrópa (Old Norse)
- råbe (Danish)
- rópa (Faroese)
- hrópa (Icelandic)
- rope (Norwegian)
hrópa (Old Norse)
- rōpa (Old Swedish)
  - ropa (Swedish)

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