*-ilaz³
Runic: ᛁᛚᚨᛉ Pronunciation: /i.lɑz/suffix · forms adjectives · a-stem
Function
forms adjectives from verbs, meaning ‘-ing’ or ‘tending to’ with regards to the base (alternative form of *-ulaz)
Etymology
Most likely derived from late Proto-Indo-European *-i-lo-s / *-il-o-s. It is a derivative of the common denominal adjective suffix *-ló-s, used to form adjectives and nouns. Latin -ilis is a cognate (compare adjectives such as facilisand fragilis). They are a part of the larger Indo-European l-suffixal complex even if they may not be identical in terms of their morphology (Krahe & Meid 1969: 84–87). See Igartua (2014) for a comprehensive review of this suffix and its various Indo-European reflexes.
Paradigm
Strong declension
| Case | Sg. Masc. | Sg. Fem. | Sg. Neut. | Pl. Masc. | Pl. Fem. | Pl. Neut. |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Nom. | -ilaz | -ilō | -ilą, -atō | -ilai | -ilôz | -ilō |
| Acc. | -ilanǭ | -ilǭ | -ilą, -atō | -ilanz | -ilōz | -ilō |
| Gen. | -ilas, -is | -ilaizōz | -ilas, -is | -ilaizǫ̂ | -ilaizǫ̂ | -ilaizǫ̂ |
| Dat. | -ilammai | -ilaizōi | -ilammai | -ilaimaz | -ilaimaz | -ilaimaz |
| Inst. | -ilanō | -ilaizō | -ilanō | -ilaimiz | -ilaimiz | -ilaimiz |
Weak declension
| Case | Sg. Masc. | Sg. Fem. | Sg. Neut. | Pl. Masc. | Pl. Fem. | Pl. Neut. |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Nom. | -ilô | -ilǭ | -ilô | -ilaniz | -ilōniz | -ilōnō |
| Acc. | -ilanų | -ilōnų | -ilô | -ilanunz | -ilōnunz | -ilōnō |
| Gen. | -iliniz | -ilōniz | -iliniz | -ilanǫ̂ | -ilōnǫ̂ | -ilanǫ̂ |
| Dat. | -ilini | -ilōni | -ilini | -ilammaz | -ilōmaz | -ilammaz |
| Inst. | -ilinē | -ilōnē | -ilinē | -ilammiz | -ilōmiz | -ilammiz |
Descendants
-
*-il (Proto-West Germanic)
-
-il (Old Dutch)
-
-il, -el (Middle Dutch)
- -il (Dutch)
-
-il, -el (Middle Dutch)
-
-il (Old Dutch)
-
*-il (Proto-West Germanic)
-
-il, -el (Old English)
-
-il, -el (Middle English)
- -le (English)
- -il, -el (Scots)
-
-il, -el (Middle English)
-
-il, -el (Old English)
-
*-il (Proto-West Germanic)
-
-il (Old Frisian)
- -il (Saterland Frisian)
- -il (West Frisian)
-
-il (Old Frisian)
-
*-il (Proto-West Germanic)
-
-il (Old High German)
-
-il (Middle High German)
- -el (German)
-
-il (Middle High German)
-
-il (Old High German)
-
*-il (Proto-West Germanic)
-
-il (Old Saxon)
-
-il, -el (Middle Low German)
- -il (Low German)
-
-il, -el (Middle Low German)
-
-il (Old Saxon)
-
-ill (Old Norse)
- -ill (Icelandic)
- -𐌹𐌻𐍃 (-ils) (Gothic)