*-ingaz

Runic: ᛁᚾᚷᚨᛉ Pronunciation: /iŋ.ɡɑz/

suffix · forms nouns · masculine · a-stem

Function

forms masculine nouns meaning ‘one belonging to, descended from, associated with, or characterized by X’

Etymology

From pre-Germanic *-en-kó-s. It was originally a compound suffix consisting of a Proto-Indo-European n-stem element plus the PIE suffix *-ko-s (Krahe & Meid 1969: 198–207). Similar in formation are related Proto-Germanic variants *-ungō/*-ingō from PIE *-n̥-kéh₂ / *-en-kéh₂. This compound suffix was reinterpreted by Proto-Germanic speakers as one suffix (*-ing-), and it became extremely productive in North and West Germanic. Cognates of this compound suffix in Indo-European are found in Lithuanian -ingas and Latvian -īgs which have been shown to relate directly to the Germanic suffix (Ambrazas 1994;2003). However, the closest formal parallel is Lithuanian -ininkas (and related Baltic formations) that show a similar complex formed by combining -n- with a velar suffix (Kluge 1899: 12).

Paradigm

CaseSingularPlural
Nom.-ingaz-ingōz, -ingōs
Acc.-ingą-inganz
Gen.-ingas, -ingis-ingǫ̂
Dat.-ingai-ingamaz
Inst.-ingō-ingamiz
Voc.-ing-ingōz, -ingōs

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Descendants

  • *-ing (Proto-West Germanic)
    • -ing (Old Dutch)
      • -inc (Middle Dutch)
        • -ing, -ink (Dutch)
  • *-ing (Proto-West Germanic)
    • -ing (Old English)
      • -ing, -yng (Middle English)
        • -ing (English)
        • -ing, -in, -een (Scots)
  • *-ing (Proto-West Germanic)
    • -ing (Old Frisian)
      • -ing (Saterland Frisian)
      • -ing (West Frisian)
  • *-ing (Proto-West Germanic)
    • -ing (Old High German)
      • -inc (Middle High German)
        • -ing (German)
  • *-ing (Proto-West Germanic)
    • -ing (Old Saxon)
      • -inc (Middle Low German)
        • -ing (Low German)
  • -ingr (Old Norse)
    • -ing (Danish)
    • -ingur (Faroese)
    • -ingur (Icelandic)
    • -ing (Norwegian Bokmål)
    • -ing (Norwegian Nynorsk)
  • -ingr (Old Norse)
    • -inger (Old Swedish)
      • -ing, -ling (Swedish)

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