*-iþō
Runic: ᛁᚦᛟ Pronunciation: /i.θɔː/suffix · forms nouns · feminine · ō-stem
Function
-ness, -th, -ity; forms feminine abstract nouns, chiefly from adjectives, denoting a quality, state, or condition
Etymology
This suffix is from Late Proto-Indo-European *-é-teh₂, an abstract-noun suffix used especially with adjectives, from the dental abstract suffix *-teh₂. Compare Sanskrit नग्नता (nagn-átā) with -átā reflecting the same *-é-teh₂-type. The suffix remained productive in Proto-Germanic and competed with the Germanic innovation *-į̄- (Ringe 2017: 149, 326).
Paradigm
| Case | Singular | Plural |
|---|---|---|
| Nom. | -iþō | -iþôz |
| Acc. | -iþǭ | -iþōz |
| Gen. | -iþōz | -iþǫ̂ |
| Dat. | -iþōi | -iþōmaz |
| Inst. | -iþō | -iþōmiz |
| Voc. | -iþō | -iþôz |
Descendants
-
*-iþu (Proto-West Germanic)
-
-itha (Old Dutch)
-
-ede, -de, -te (Middle Dutch)
- -te, -de (Dutch)
-
-ede, -de, -te (Middle Dutch)
-
-itha (Old Dutch)
-
*-iþu (Proto-West Germanic)
-
-þ, -þu, -þo, -t, -to (Old English)
-
-the, -ðe, -ðhe, -eth, -ethe, -ith, -ithe, -th, -þ, -þe, -yth, -t, -te (Middle English)
- -th, -t (English)
- -th, -t (Scots)
-
-the, -ðe, -ðhe, -eth, -ethe, -ith, -ithe, -th, -þ, -þe, -yth, -t, -te (Middle English)
-
-þ, -þu, -þo, -t, -to (Old English)
-
*-iþu (Proto-West Germanic)
-
-ithe, -te (Old Frisian)
- -te (Saterland Frisian)
- -te (West Frisian)
-
-ithe, -te (Old Frisian)
-
*-iþu (Proto-West Germanic)
-
-ida (Old High German)
-
-ede (Middle High German)
- -de (German)
- -t (Luxembourgish)
-
-ede (Middle High German)
-
-ida (Old High German)
-
*-iþu (Proto-West Germanic)
-
-itha (Old Saxon)
-
-ede, -de, -te (Middle Low German)
- -te (German)
- -de, -te (Low German)
-
-ede, -de, -te (Middle Low German)
-
-itha (Old Saxon)
-
-ð, -d, -t (Old Norse)
- -de (Danish)
- -d (Faroese)
- -ð, -d, -t (Icelandic)
- -de, -d (Norwegian)
- -d (Swedish)
- -𐌹𐌸𐌰 (-iþa), -𐌹𐌳𐌰 (-ida) (Gothic)