*-līkaz
Runic: ᛚᛁᚲᚨᛉ Pronunciation: /liː.kɑz/adjective · a-stem
Function
Modern English “-like, -ly”; forms adjectives from nouns and adjectives with the sense of 'similar to, characteristic of'
Etymology
From pre-Germanic *leyg-o-s, from Proto-Indo-European root *leyg- . The suffixal use developed within Germanic from its use as a second constituent in compounds. In the traditional analysis, *-līkaz was mediated through Proto-Germanic *līką, so that compounds originally meant ‘having the body/form of X’ or ‘of X-kind’ (Krahe & Meid 1969: 219, 226–27). Fulk (2018: 203 n. 7, 238), however, argues that it is simpler to regard *-līkaz as adjectival from the start.
Declension
Strong declension
| Case | Sg. Masc. | Sg. Fem. | Sg. Neut. | Pl. Masc. | Pl. Fem. | Pl. Neut. |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Nom. | -līkaz | -līkō | -līką, -atō | -līkai | -līkôz | -līkō |
| Acc. | -līkanǭ | -līkǭ | -līką, -atō | -līkanz | -līkōz | -līkō |
| Gen. | -līkas, -līkis | -līkaizōz | -līkas, -līkis | -līkaizǫ̂ | -līkaizǫ̂ | -līkaizǫ̂ |
| Dat. | -līkammai | -līkaizōi | -līkammai | -līkaimaz | -līkaimaz | -līkaimaz |
| Inst. | -līkanō | -līkaizō | -līkanō | -līkaimiz | -līkaimiz | -līkaimiz |
Weak declension
| Case | Sg. Masc. | Sg. Fem. | Sg. Neut. | Pl. Masc. | Pl. Fem. | Pl. Neut. |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Nom. | -līkô | -līkǭ | -līkô | -līkaniz | -līkōniz | -līkōnō |
| Acc. | -līkanų | -līkōnų | -līkô | -līkanunz | -līkōnunz | -līkōnō |
| Gen. | -līkiniz | -līkōniz | -līkiniz | -līkanǫ̂ | -līkōnǫ̂ | -līkanǫ̂ |
| Dat. | -līkini | -līkōni | -līkini | -līkammaz | -līkōmaz | -līkammaz |
| Inst. | -līkinē | -līkōnē | -līkinē | -līkammiz | -līkōmiz | -līkammiz |
Descendants
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*-līk (Proto-West Germanic)
-
-līk (Old Dutch)
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-lijc (Middle Dutch)
-
-lijk (Dutch)
- -lik (Afrikaans)
- -lik, -lek, -lā́ik (Jersey Dutch)
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-lijk (Dutch)
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-lijc (Middle Dutch)
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-līk (Old Dutch)
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*-līk (Proto-West Germanic)
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-līċ, -lēċ, -līh, -lī (Old English)
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-ly, -li, -lych, -lich, -lik, -lig (Middle English)
- -ly (English)
- -lie (Scots)
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-ly, -li, -lych, -lich, -lik, -lig (Middle English)
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-līċ, -lēċ, -līh, -lī (Old English)
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*-līk (Proto-West Germanic)
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-līk (Old Frisian)
- -elk (Saterland Frisian)
- -lyk (West Frisian)
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-līk (Old Frisian)
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*-līk (Proto-West Germanic)
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-līh (Old High German)
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-lich (Middle High German)
- -lich (German)
- -lech (Luxembourgish)
- ־לעך (-lekh) (Yiddish)
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-lich (Middle High German)
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-līh (Old High German)
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*-līk (Proto-West Germanic)
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-līk (Old Saxon)
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-līk, -lik, -lick (Middle Low German)
- -lich, -lig, -lik, -lick, -li, -elk (Low German)
- -lich (Plautdietsch)
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-līk, -lik, -lick (Middle Low German)
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-līk (Old Saxon)
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-ligr, -líkr (Old Norse)
- -ligur (Faroese)
- -legur (Icelandic)
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-ligr, -líkr (Old Norse)
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-lig (Old Danish)
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-lig (Danish)
- -lig (Norwegian Bokmål)
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-lig (Danish)
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-lig (Old Danish)
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-ligr, -líkr (Old Norse)
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-līker (Old Swedish)
- -lig (Swedish)
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-līker (Old Swedish)
- -𐌻𐌴𐌹𐌺𐍃 (-leiks) (Gothic)