*-ndz

Runic: ᚾᛞᛉ Pronunciation: /ndz/

suffix · forms nouns · masculine · consonant stem

Function

forms masculine agent nouns from verbs, especially lexicalized substantives of the present participle, denoting a habitual or characteristic agent

Etymology

From Proto-Indo-European *-ónt-s, the active present participle suffix. In Proto-Germanic, these inherited participles could be substantivized as agent nouns. Fulk (2018: 178–79) treats these “nd-stems” as substantivized PIE present participles in *-nt-, while Ringe (2017: 224) is more cautious, noting that the productive participial system was remodeled differently in the daughter branches and that it may be rash to project a separate fossilized *-nd- agent-noun class fully back into Proto-Germanic; nevertheless, the source is clearly participial. The suffix is cognate with Sanskrit -अन्त्-/-अत्- (-ant-/-at-), Ancient Greek -ων (-ōn) ~ -οντος (-ontos), and Latin -ēns~ -entis-, all from the same PIE present participial formation.

Paradigm

CaseSingularPlural
Nom.-ndz-ndiz
Acc.-ndų-ndunz
Gen.-ndiz-ndǫ̂
Dat.-ndi-ndumaz
Inst.-ndē-ndumiz
Voc.-nd-ndiz

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Descendants

  • *-andi, *-andī (Proto-West Germanic)
    • -and, -end, -ende (Old English)
      • -ynge, -ing, -inge, -ingge, -yng, -yngge, -end, -ende, -inde, -ynde, -and, -ande, -and, -end, -ant, -nd (Middle English)
        • -and, -ing, -in', -in (English)
  • *-andi, *-andī (Proto-West Germanic)
    • -and, -end, -ende (Old English)
      • -ynge, -ing, -inge, -ingge, -yng, -yngge, -end, -ende, -inde, -ynde, -and, -ande, -and, -end, -ant, -nd (Middle English)
        • -and, -an (Middle Scots)
          • -in, -an (Scots)
  • *-andi, *-andī (Proto-West Germanic)
    • -nt, -unt, -ant, -endi, -enti, -anti (Old High German)
      • -nt, -ant, -ent, -ende (Middle High German)
        • -end (German)
  • *-andi, *-andī (Proto-West Germanic)
    • -und, -and, -ond (Old Saxon)
      • -end, -ant, -ent (Middle Low German)
        • -end (Low German)
  • -andi (Old Norse)
    • -andi (Faroese)
    • -andi (Icelandic)
    • -ande (Norwegian Nynorsk)
  • -andi (Old Norse)
    • -ende (Danish)
      • -ende (Norwegian Bokmål)
  • -andi (Old Norse)
    • -andi, -ande (Old Swedish)
      • -ande, -ende (Swedish)
  • -𐌽𐌳𐍃 (-nds) (Gothic)

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