*-raz
Runic: ᚱᚨᛉ Pronunciation: /rɑz/suffix · forms adjectives · a-stem
Function
forms mostly lexicalized adjectives from roots, especially inherited Caland-system roots, usually with the root in zero grade
Etymology
From Proto-Indo-European *-ró-s, a thematic adjective suffix. In the PIE Caland system, *-ró- formed root adjectives, typically with zero-grade roots, and stood beside related adjective deriving formations (Ringe 2017: 75–76; Meier-Brügger 2003: 288–90). Ringe (2017: 326) notes that, in Proto-Germanic, the Caland system mostly survives only in lexical relics. Compare Proto-Italic *-ros and Ancient Greek -ρός (-rós), with similar adjectival derivation functionality.
Paradigm
Strong declension
| Case | Sg. Masc. | Sg. Fem. | Sg. Neut. | Pl. Masc. | Pl. Fem. | Pl. Neut. |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Nom. | -raz | -rō | -rą, -atō | -rai | -rôz | -rō |
| Acc. | -ranǭ | -rǭ | -rą, -atō | -ranz | -rōz | -rō |
| Gen. | -ras, -ris | -raizōz | -ras, -ris | -raizǫ̂ | -raizǫ̂ | -raizǫ̂ |
| Dat. | -rammai | -raizōi | -rammai | -raimaz | -raimaz | -raimaz |
| Inst. | -ranō | -raizō | -ranō | -raimiz | -raimiz | -raimiz |
Weak declension
| Case | Sg. Masc. | Sg. Fem. | Sg. Neut. | Pl. Masc. | Pl. Fem. | Pl. Neut. |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Nom. | -rô | -rǭ | -rô | -raniz | -rōniz | -rōnō |
| Acc. | -ranų | -rōnų | -rô | -ranunz | -rōnunz | -rōnō |
| Gen. | -riniz | -rōniz | -riniz | -ranǫ̂ | -rōnǫ̂ | -ranǫ̂ |
| Dat. | -rini | -rōni | -rini | -rammaz | -rōmaz | -rammaz |
| Inst. | -rinē | -rōnē | -rinē | -rammiz | -rōmiz | -rammiz |
Descendants
-
*-r (Proto-West Germanic)
- -or, -er (Old English)
- -ar (Old High German)
- -ar (Old Saxon)
-
-r (Old Norse)
- -ur (Faroese)
- -ur (Icelandic)
- -r, -er (Middle Norwegian)
- -er (Old Swedish)
- -𐍂𐍃 (-rs) (Gothic)