*-samaz
Runic: ᛊᚨᛗᚨᛉ Pronunciation: /sɑ.mɑz/suffix · forms adjectives · a-stem
Function
forms adjectives, especially from nouns and abstract nouns, meaning ‘having the character of X, characterized by X, disposed to X, causing X, X-like’; equivalent in many uses to English “-some”
Etymology
From Proto-Germanic determiner*samaz, used as the second constituent of compounds, grammaticalized as an adjective-forming suffix early on (Ringe 2017: 327). Ultimately from Proto-Indo-European *somHós, an o-grade derivative of *sem- (Kroonen 2013: 425). Cognate with Old Church Slavonic самъ (samŭ), Proto-Celtic *somos, Ancient Greek ὁμός (homós), and Sanskrit सम (samá).
Paradigm
Strong declension
| Case | Sg. Masc. | Sg. Fem. | Sg. Neut. | Pl. Masc. | Pl. Fem. | Pl. Neut. |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Nom. | -samaz | -samō | -samą, -atō | -samai | -samôz | -samō |
| Acc. | -samanǭ | -samǭ | -samą, -atō | -samanz | -samōz | -samō |
| Gen. | -samas, -samis | -samaizōz | -samas, -samis | -samaizǫ̂ | -samaizǫ̂ | -samaizǫ̂ |
| Dat. | -samammai | -samaizōi | -samammai | -samaimaz | -samaimaz | -samaimaz |
| Inst. | -samanō | -samaizō | -samanō | -samaimiz | -samaimiz | -samaimiz |
Weak declension
| Case | Sg. Masc. | Sg. Fem. | Sg. Neut. | Pl. Masc. | Pl. Fem. | Pl. Neut. |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Nom. | -samô | -samǭ | -samô | -samaniz | -samōniz | -samōnō |
| Acc. | -samanų | -samōnų | -samô | -samanunz | -samōnunz | -samōnō |
| Gen. | -saminiz | -samōniz | -saminiz | -samanǫ̂ | -samōnǫ̂ | -samanǫ̂ |
| Dat. | -samini | -samōni | -samini | -samammaz | -samōmaz | -samammaz |
| Inst. | -saminē | -samōnē | -saminē | -samammiz | -samōmiz | -samammiz |
Descendants
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*-sam (Proto-West Germanic)
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-sam (Old Dutch)
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-sam (Middle Dutch)
- -zaam (Dutch)
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-sam (Middle Dutch)
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-sam (Old Dutch)
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*-sam (Proto-West Germanic)
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-sum (Old English)
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-som, -soum, -sum, -some, -somme, -summ (Middle English)
- -some (English)
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-som, -soum, -sum, -some, -somme, -summ (Middle English)
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-sum (Old English)
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*-sam (Proto-West Germanic)
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-sum (Old English)
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-som, -soum, -sum, -some, -somme, -summ (Middle English)
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-sum (Middle Scots)
- -some (Scots)
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-sum (Middle Scots)
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-som, -soum, -sum, -some, -somme, -summ (Middle English)
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-sum (Old English)
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*-sam (Proto-West Germanic)
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-sum, -sam (Old Frisian)
- -soam (Saterland Frisian)
- -sum (West Frisian)
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-sum, -sam (Old Frisian)
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*-sam (Proto-West Germanic)
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-sam (Old High German)
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-sam (Middle High German)
- -sam (German)
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-sam (Middle High German)
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-sam (Old High German)
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*-sam (Proto-West Germanic)
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-sam (Old Saxon)
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-sam (Middle Low German)
- -saam (Low German)
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-sam (Middle Low German)
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-sam (Old Saxon)
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-samr (Old Norse)
- -som (Danish)
- -samur (Faroese)
- -samur (Icelandic)
- -som (Norwegian)
- -sam (Swedish)
- -𐍃𐌰𐌼𐍃 (-sams) (Gothic)