*-ukōną
Runic: ᚢᚲᛟᚾᚨ Pronunciation: /u.kɔː.nɑ̃/suffix · forms verbs · Weak class 2
Function
forms weak class 2 verbs from adjectives, nouns, and verbs; with adjectives and nouns it usually has factitive, causative, or inchoative force, ‘make X, become X, treat/use as X’; with verbs it forms affective intensives, frequentatives, or iteratives
Etymology
From *-uk- + *-ōną, probably resegmented from Weak class 2 verbs built to nominal or adjectival bases in the Proto-Germanic affective/diminutive k-suffix *-uka- (see *-ukazand *-ukô for more), with variant *ikōną. The suffix was then extended to new adjectives, nouns, and some verbal bases. The deeper origin of *-uk- is uncertain: it may continue an inherited or expressive *-(u)g-/*-(u)k- formation, perhaps with analogical generalization of *-k- from nominal *-k- suffixes (Kluge 1899: 30–33; Krahe & Meid 1969: 211–16). Some apparent deverbal examples may instead belong historically to the older Weak class 2 iterative ōn-verbs from Proto-Indo-European nasal presents of the -néh₂-/-n̥h₂- type (Kroonen 2011a: 93–99; Kroonen 2012a: 263–70), later attracted to the productive *(u)-kōną pattern.
Paradigm
Present active
| Person | Indicative | Subjunctive | Imperative |
|---|---|---|---|
| 1st singular | -ukō | -ukǭ | - |
| 2nd singular | -ukōsi | -ukōs | -ukō |
| 3rd singular | -ukōþi | -ukō | -ukōþau |
| 1st dual | -ukōs | -ukōw | - |
| 2nd dual | -ukōþiz | -ukōþiz | -ukōþiz |
| 1st plural | -ukōmaz | -ukōm | - |
| 2nd plural | -ukōþ | -ukōþ | -ukōþ |
| 3rd plural | -ukōnþi | -ukōn | -ukōnþau |
Present passive
| Person | Indicative | Subjunctive |
|---|---|---|
| 1st singular | -ukōi | - |
| 2nd singular | -ukōsai | -ukōsau |
| 3rd singular | -ukōþai | -ukōþau |
| 1st dual | - | - |
| 2nd dual | - | - |
| 1st plural | -ukōnþai | -ukōnþau |
| 2nd plural | -ukōnþai | -ukōnþau |
| 3rd plural | -ukōnþai | -ukōnþau |
Past
| Person | Indicative | Subjunctive |
|---|---|---|
| 1st singular | -ukōdǭ | -ukōdēdį̄ |
| 2nd singular | -ukōdēz | -ukōdēdīz |
| 3rd singular | -ukōdē | -ukōdēdī |
| 1st dual | -ukōdēdū | -ukōdēdīw |
| 2nd dual | -ukōdēdudiz | -ukōdēdīdiz |
| 1st plural | -ukōdēdum | -ukōdēdīm |
| 2nd plural | -ukōdēdud | -ukōdēdīd |
| 3rd plural | -ukōdēdun | -ukōdēdīn |
Non-finite Forms
| Infinitive | Present Participle | Past Participle |
|---|---|---|
| -ukōną | -ukōndz | -ukōdaz |
Descendants
-
*-ukōn, *-ikōn (Proto-West Germanic)
-
*-kon (Old Dutch)
-
-ken (Middle Dutch)
- -ken (Dutch)
-
-ken (Middle Dutch)
-
*-kon (Old Dutch)
-
*-ukōn, *-ikōn (Proto-West Germanic)
-
-cian, -ecian, -ician, *-ycian (Old English)
-
-ken (Middle English)
- -k (Scots)
-
-ken (Middle English)
-
-cian, -ecian, -ician, *-ycian (Old English)
-
*-ukōn, *-ikōn (Proto-West Germanic)
-
-cian, -ecian, -ician, *-ycian (Old English)
-
-ken (Middle English)
- -k, -ock (English)
-
-ken (Middle English)
-
-cian, -ecian, -ician, *-ycian (Old English)
-
*-ukōn, *-ikōn (Proto-West Germanic)
-
-kia (Old Frisian)
- -ke (North Frisian)
- -kje (Saterland Frisian)
- -kje (West Frisian)
-
-kia (Old Frisian)
-
*-ukōn, *-ikōn (Proto-West Germanic)
-
-ihhōn, -ichōn (Old High German)
-
-chen (Middle High German)
- -chen (German)
-
-chen (Middle High German)
-
-ihhōn, -ichōn (Old High German)
-
*-ukōn, *-ikōn (Proto-West Germanic)
-
-akōn (Old Saxon)
-
-ken (Middle Low German)
- -ken (Low German)
-
-ken (Middle Low German)
-
-akōn (Old Saxon)
-
-ka (Old Norse)
- -ke (Danish)
- -ka (Faroese)
- -ka (Icelandic)
- -ka (Norwegian Nynorsk)
- -ka (Swedish)