*waldaną
Runic: ᚹᚨᛚᛞᚨᚾᚨ Pronunciation: /ˈwɑl.dɑ.nɑ̃/verb · Strong class 7c
Meanings
to rule
Etymology
Kroonen supposes a back-formation from the preterite *wulþǭ (compare Old Norse past olla), which continues an extended aorist root, Pre-Proto-Germanic *h₂wl̥h₁-t-, from Proto-Indo-European *h₂welh₁- (‘to rule, be strong’).
LIV² posits a *-dʰ-present *wélH-dʰe-ti to the root (there reconstructed as Proto-Indo-European *welH- (‘to be strong, hold sway’)), from which a Pre-Proto-Germanic iterative *we-wólH-dʰe-ti was derived, in which case it is close cognate to Lithuanian veldėti (‘to inherit, possess, govern’) and Old Church Slavonic власти (vlasti) (vlasti, ‘to rule’).
Conjugation
Present active
| Person | Indicative | Subjunctive | Imperative |
|---|---|---|---|
| 1st singular | waldō | waldaų | – |
| 2nd singular | waldizi | waldaiz | wald |
| 3rd singular | waldidi | waldai | waldadau |
| 1st dual | waldōz | waldaiw | – |
| 2nd dual | waldadiz | waldaidiz | waldadiz |
| 1st plural | waldamaz | waldaim | – |
| 2nd plural | waldid | waldaid | waldid |
| 3rd plural | waldandi | waldain | waldandau |
Present passive
| Person | Indicative | Subjunctive |
|---|---|---|
| 1st singular | waldai | – |
| 2nd singular | waldazai | waldaizau |
| 3rd singular | waldadai | waldaidau |
| 1st dual | – | – |
| 2nd dual | – | – |
| 1st plural | waldandai | waldaindau |
| 2nd plural | waldandai | waldaindau |
| 3rd plural | waldandai | waldaindau |
Past
| Person | Indicative | Subjunctive |
|---|---|---|
| 1st singular | wewald | wewaldį̄ |
| 2nd singular | wewalst | wewaldīz |
| 3rd singular | wewald | wewaldī |
| 1st dual | wewaldū | wewaldīw |
| 2nd dual | wewaldudiz | wewaldīdiz |
| 1st plural | wewaldum | wewaldīm |
| 2nd plural | wewaldud | wewaldīd |
| 3rd plural | wewaldun | wewaldīn |
Non-finite Forms
| Infinitive | Present Participle | Past Participle |
|---|---|---|
| waldaną | waldandz, - | waldanaz, wulþaz |
Descendants
-
*waldan (Proto-West Germanic)
- walda (Old Frisian)
-
*waldan (Proto-West Germanic)
-
waldan (Old Dutch)
- gewouden (Middle Dutch)
-
waldan (Old Dutch)
-
*waldan (Proto-West Germanic)
-
wealdan (Old English)
-
welden, weld, welde, weldon, wielde, wild, wilde, wold, wolde, wolden, weild, weilde, veild, wald, walde, walden, wælden, wealde, wealden, uelden (Middle English)
- wield, wald (English)
- wield, wald (Scots)
-
welden, weld, welde, weldon, wielde, wild, wilde, wold, wolde, wolden, weild, weilde, veild, wald, walde, walden, wælden, wealde, wealden, uelden (Middle English)
-
wealdan (Old English)
-
*waldan (Proto-West Germanic)
-
waltan (Old High German)
-
walten, walden (Middle High German)
-
walten (German)
- valte (Danish)
-
walten (German)
-
walten, walden (Middle High German)
-
waltan (Old High German)
-
*waldan (Proto-West Germanic)
-
waldan (Old Saxon)
-
wolden (Middle Low German)
- wolden (Low German)
-
wolden (Middle Low German)
-
waldan (Old Saxon)
-
valda (Old Norse)
- uolda (Elfdalian)
- valda (Faroese)
- valda (Icelandic)
- valda (Norwegian)
-
valda (Old Norse)
-
waldæ (Old Danish)
- volde (Danish)
-
waldæ (Old Danish)
-
valda (Old Norse)
-
walda (Old Gutnish)
- valde (Gutnish)
-
walda (Old Gutnish)
-
valda (Old Norse)
-
valda, valla, volda (Old Swedish)
- vålla (Swedish)
-
valda, valla, volda (Old Swedish)
- 𐍅𐌰𐌻𐌳𐌰𐌽 (waldan) (Gothic)
- *valdit'ak (Proto-Finnic)