*werpaną

Runic: ᚹᛖᚱᛈᚨᚾᚨ Pronunciation: /ˈwer.pɑ.nɑ̃/

verb · Strong class 3

Meanings

to throw
to cast

Etymology

From Proto-Indo-European *wergʷ- (‘to bend, spin, warp’), with the *-p- in the Germanic form likely being the expected result after resonants in words beginning with a labial consonant (compare *fimf (‘five’) and *wulfaz (‘wolf’) for other Proto-Germanic terms with similar outcomes). Cognate with Ancient Greek ῥέμβω (rhémbō) (rhémbō, ‘to turn in circles’) (whence ῥόμβος (rhómbos, ‘spinning top’), borrowed into English as rhombus), and possibly Proto-Slavic *vèrťi (‘to throw, leap’) (though Kroonen is skeptical of the link to the Slavic).

Conjugation

Present active

Person	Indicative	Subjunctive	Imperative
1st singular	werpō	werpaų	–
2nd singular	wirpizi	werpaiz	werp
3rd singular	wirpidi	werpai	werpadau
1st dual	werpōz	werpaiw	–
2nd dual	werpadiz	werpaidiz	werpadiz
1st plural	werpamaz	werpaim	–
2nd plural	wirpid	werpaid	wirpid
3rd plural	werpandi	werpain	werpandau

Present passive

Person	Indicative	Subjunctive
1st singular	werpai	–
2nd singular	werpazai	werpaizau
3rd singular	werpadai	werpaidau
1st dual	–	–
2nd dual	–	–
1st plural	werpandai	werpaindau
2nd plural	werpandai	werpaindau
3rd plural	werpandai	werpaindau

Past

Person	Indicative	Subjunctive
1st singular	warp	wurpį̄
2nd singular	warft	wurpīz
3rd singular	warp	wurpī
1st dual	wurpū	wurpīw
2nd dual	wurpudiz	wurpīdiz
1st plural	wurpum	wurpīm
2nd plural	wurpud	wurpīd
3rd plural	wurpun	wurpīn

Non-finite Forms

Infinitive	Present Participle	Past Participle
werpaną	werpandz	wurpanaz

Find a form

Descendants

*werpan (Proto-West Germanic)
- werpan (Old Dutch)
  - werpen (Middle Dutch)
    - wèrpe (Limburgish)
*werpan (Proto-West Germanic)
- werpan (Old Dutch)
  - werpen (Middle Dutch)
    - werpen (Dutch)
      - werp (Afrikaans)
*werpan (Proto-West Germanic)
- weorpan, wurpan (Old English)
  - werpen, warpe, warpen, warpyn, werp, werpe, werrpenn, worpe, wurpen (Middle English)
    - warp (English)
    - warp (Scots)
*werpan (Proto-West Germanic)
- werpa (Old Frisian)
  - werpe (North Frisian)
  - werpe (West Frisian)
*werpan (Proto-West Germanic)
- werfan, ƿerpan (Old High German)
  - wërfen (Middle High German)
    - werfen (German)
*werpan (Proto-West Germanic)
- werpan (Old Saxon)
  - werpen (Middle Low German)
    - warpen (Low German)
verpa (Old Norse)
- verpa (Faroese)
- verpa (Icelandic)
verpa (Old Norse)
- ? (Norwegian)
  - verpe (Norwegian Bokmål)
  - verpe, verpa (Norwegian Nynorsk)
verpa (Old Norse)
- wærpæ (Old Danish)
  - værpe (Danish)
verpa (Old Norse)
- værpa (Old Swedish)
  - värpa (Swedish)
𐍅𐌰𐌹𐍂𐍀𐌰𐌽 (wairpan) (Gothic)

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