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*hnakkô
noun · masculine · an-stem · /ˈxnɑk.kɔːː/
the back of the neck; nape
“……nnects with Tocharian A kñuk (‘neck’). German Hunke (‘hillock’) might retain a trace of the original genitive. Compare Proto-Celtic *knukkos (‘protuberance; hill’), which Kroonen suggests is borrowed from Germanic. Compare also the suffix *-kô, found……”
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*walþuz
noun · masculine · u-stem · /ˈwɑl.θuz/
forest
“……w’). Another possibility is from Proto-Indo-European *wólH-tu-s, from a root *welH- (‘hair, hairlike object’); compare Proto-Celtic *woltos (‘hair (of the head)’) and Proto-Balto-Slavic *wolˀtis (‘ear of grain’) (whence Lithuanian váltis (‘oat awn’))……”
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*lattō
noun · feminine · ō-stem · /ˈlɑt.tɔː/
board; plank; ledge; slat; bar; shelf
“……ably underwent leveling; compare the formation of *rattaz. Further origin uncertain. Perhaps the origin is shared with Proto-Celtic *slattā (‘stalk, staff’), and both loaned from a pre-Indo-European substrate due to the limited geographical distribut……”
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*anhtō
noun · feminine · ō-stem · /ˈɑ̃ːx.tɔː/
outlawry, proscription; persecution, hostile pursuit
“……g PIE *h₂enḱ- as a Schwebeablaut variant of *h₂neḱ-, while distinguishing this root from PIE *h₂enk-. Old Irish écht < Proto-Celtic *anxtu is probably related, although its deeper analysis remains disputed: Matasović Matasović 2009a derives it from……”
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*at
preposition · /ˈɑt/
at, by; toward, to (with accusative or dative)
“……c, was retained due to this word being monosyllabic with a short vowel Fulk 2018 Ringe 2017. Cognate with Latin ad and Proto-Celtic *ad-. Sanskrit आ and Avestan 𐬁 have also been connected: Garnier Garnier 2014b derives them from a conditioned allomor……”
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*Alarīks
proper noun · masculine · consonant stem · /ˈɑ.lɑ.ˌriːks/
a male given name, literally ‘ruler of all’
“……(*Alareiks) is reconstructed rather than directly attested. The second element, from *rīks, was probably borrowed from Proto-Celtic *rīxs, from Proto-Indo-European *h₃rḗǵs; compare Gaulish -rix, Old Irish rí, Latin rēx, and Sanskrit राजन् Kroonen 201……”
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*-inī
suffix · forms nouns · feminine · ī/jō-stem · /i.niː/
forms nouns denoting a female individual, especially the female counterpart of a masculine or common-gender noun;…
“……in addition to -in- forms) Johnsen 2005a. The closest Indo-European comparanda are Proto-Slavic *-yni and Indo-Iranian and Celtic formations in -n-ī, especially Sanskrit राज्ञी॑ Monier-Williams 1899 and Proto-Celtic *rīganī. These were both built f……”
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*ginnaną
verb · Strong class 3 · /ˈɣin.nɑ.nɑ̃/
to begin
“……), with the prefix inducing voicing by Verner's law. Cognates would then include Proto-Slavic *načęti (‘to begin’) and Proto-Celtic *kentus (‘first’). If the meaning 'to cut open' is original, the verb could be related to *gīnaną (‘to gape, to yawn’)……”
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*lubją
noun · neuter · ja-stem · /ˈlub.jɑ̃/
wort, herb
“…From Proto-Indo-European *lubʰ-yo-, from *lewbʰ- (‘herb’), and cognate with Proto-Celtic *lubī (‘herb, plant’). The root is likely equivalent to *lewbʰ- in the "peel, break, damage" sense (likely whence Prot……”
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*þahsuz
noun · masculine · u-stem · /ˈθɑx.suz/
badger
“……τίκτω (tíktō), τέχνη (tékhnē), τέκτων (téktōn). However, later scholarship rejects the above relation and, in light of Proto-Celtic *taskos, has been derived from a Proto-Indo-European *toskos (‘badger’), which Kroonen considers to be a loanword from……”
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*askaz
noun · masculine · a-stem · /ˈɑs.kɑz/
ash tree
“……*Hh₃es-k-ós, a -k- extension of root *Heh₃s-. The wider family includes Lithuanian uosis, Proto-Slavic *asenь/*asenъ, Proto-Celtic *osno-, Latin ornus, Armenian հացի, Albanian ah, and perhaps Ancient Greek ὀξύα. Matasović alternatively reconstructs……”
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*fleutaz
adjective · a-stem · /ˈɸleu̯.tɑz/
nimble, quick
“……rom Proto-Indo-European *plewd- (‘to fly, flow, run’), an extension of root *plew- (‘to fly, flow, run’). Cognate with Proto-Celtic *ɸloutos (‘flowing’), Ancient Greek πλέω (pléō, ‘to sail; to float’), Latin pluit ‘to rain, to be raining’), and Sansk……”
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*sunnô
noun · masculine · an-stem · /ˈsun.nɔːː/
the sun
“…(SS: See Sun and Moon paper in Celtic in PIE folder matasovic) Suggested to be a nominalization of a lost adjective, possibly from *sunnaz (‘sunny’) + *-ô (……”
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*kazą
noun · neuter · a-stem · /ˈkɑ.zɑ̃/
vessel, vat, tub, barrel
“……ories connecting the word to Proto-Indo-European *kʷer- (‘bowl, vessel’) (whence Proto-Germanic *hweraz (‘kettle’) and Proto-Celtic *kʷaryos (‘cauldron’)) are semantically attractive, but phonetically impossible via inherited sound laws (thus, if rel……”
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*gallô
noun · masculine · an-stem · /ˈɣɑl.lɔːː/
infirmity, weakness
“……Proto-Indo-European *ǵʰelH-r/n- (compare the r-stem in Norwegian galder (‘swelling on a horse's foot’)), cognate with Proto-Celtic *galarom (‘pain, illness ~ grief’) and Hittite 𒆗𒆷𒅈 (kal-la-ar /gallar-/, ‘inauspicious, bad; enormous’) (reflecting……”
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*ainijaz
noun · masculine · ja-stem · /ˈɑi̯.ni.jɑz/
juniper, probably the common juniper or a closely similar coniferous shrub/tree
“……or pre-Indo-European plant-name *yoyni- / *h₁oyni- with semantic variation between ‘rush, reed’ and ‘juniper’. Compare Proto-Celtic *yoyni-, continued by Middle Irish áin; Proto-Italic *joiniko-, continued by Latin iuncus; and Latin iūniperus, which……”
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*tiną
noun · neuter · a-stem · /ˈti.nɑ̃/
tin (metal)
“……do-European times. Likely related to Old Irish tinne (‘ingot’) (itself a hapax legomenon). The potential connection to Proto-Celtic *stagnom (‘tin’) (whence Latin stannum (‘id’)) suffers from many formal issues.…”
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*kweþuz
noun · masculine · u-stem · /ˈkwe.θuz/
belly, stomach
“……e Germanic as *kwiþuz, prefers to derive the term from Proto-Indo-European *gʷih₃-tu-s (and thus formally identical to Proto-Celtic *bitus (‘world’)), from *gʷeyh₃- (‘to live’), with a similar semantic shift "life" > "belly" as seen in Proto-Slavic *……”
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*drangijaz
noun · masculine · ja-stem · /ˈdrɑŋ.ɡi.jɑz/
stake; staff; crutch; support
“……-infix (see *rankaz < PIE *h₃reǵ- + *-né-for similar construction). Matasović 2009a supports a similar derivation for Proto-Celtic *dringeti (‘to climb’) < PIE *dr̥-né-gʰ-e/o- from a similar nasalized version of the root. Possibly related to PIE roo……”
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*apaliją
noun · neuter · ja-stem · /ˈɑ.pɑ.li.jɑ̃/
apple
“……le word *h₂ébōl/*h₂ébl̥, cognate with Old Irish ubull and Lithuanian obuolỹs Wodtko et al. 2008 (for a full treatment on the Celtic cognates, see Stifter Stifter 2019).…”
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*hupiz
noun · masculine · i-stem · /ˈxu.piz/
hip, haunch, upper part of the thigh
“……do-European *kewb- (‘to recline’); cognate with Latin cubō (‘lie down, recline’), Latin cubitus (‘elbow, bend, arch’), Proto-Celtic *kuxsketi (‘to sleep’). Compare however Proto-West Germanic *hubil (‘bump, hill’), *hump (‘hump, hunch’), Danish huv (……”
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*-ō
suffix · forms nouns · feminine · ō-stem · /ɔː/
forms feminine ō-stem nouns from roots and stems, including concrete nouns, person nouns, and abstract/action/result…
“……ne suffix Melchert 2014 Ringe 2017. Cognate with Latin -a, Ancient Greek -ᾱ/-η (-ā/-ē), Sanskrit -आ, Proto-Slavic *-a, Proto-Celtic *-ā, and Latvian and Lithuanian -a, all with similar roles deriving feminine nouns from masculine ones and deriving ab……”
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*attô
noun · masculine · an-stem · /ˈɑt.tɔːː/
father, dad
“……tta Ringe 2017; de Vaan de Vaan 2008 instead posits *h₂et-o-. Compare Hittite 𒀜𒋫𒀸, Ancient Greek ἄττα, Latin atta, and Proto-Celtic attyo- de Vaan 2008 Kloekhorst 2008 Matasović 2009a. Direct inheritance is uncertain: PIE *tt is exceptional, and com……”
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*aunaz
noun · masculine · a-stem · /ˈɑu̯.nɑz/
lamb
“……ence of *awiz, before Kluge’s Law Stiles 2018. Cognate with Proto-Italic *agʷnos, whence Latin agnus de Vaan 2008, and Proto-Celtic *ognos, whose unexpected *o- may likewise reflect influence from *owis Matasović 2009a. The PIE noun has no secure dee……”
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*apô
noun · masculine · an-stem · /ˈɑ.pɔːː/
ape, monkey
“……er Schrijver 2004 derives *apan- from *h₂ep- + *-h₃on-, originally ‘water creature’; however, the supposedly related Proto-Celtic *abanko- is now considered most likely unrelated, favoring the Wanderwort analysis van Sluis et al. 2023.…”