*andi
Runic: ᚨᚾᛞᛁ Pronunciation: /ˈɑn.di/conjunction
Meanings
in addition, also; later, especially in West Germanic, ‘and’
Etymology
Usually derived from Proto-Indo-European *h₂énti, the locative singular of the root noun *h₂énts. Ringe (2017: 89) reconstructs an accent shift *h₂ánti → *h₂antí in the prehistory of Germanic; Grimm’s Law then gave *t > *þ, and the post-root accent triggered Verner’s Law *þ > *d, yielding pre-Germanic *andí > Proto-Germanic *andi, neatly accounting for the otherwise unexpected medial *-d-. The semantic path is less certain: an intermediate additive or mildly adversative sense ‘on the other side; in addition’ is preferable; Ringe reconstructs Proto-Germanic *andi as ‘in addition’ and assigns ordinary coordinating ‘and’ specifically to Proto-West Germanic, while Dunkel (2014: 306–11) questions the traditional derivation and allows much of the non-Anatolian material to continue an adverbial *án-ti ~ *án-th₂ rather than the root noun *h₂énts itself. Cognates of the inherited spatial formation include Hittite 𒄩𒀭𒍝 (ḫa-an-za /ḫants/), Ancient Greek ἀντί (antí), Vedic Sanskrit अन्ति (ánti), and Latin ante; Old Armenian ընդ (ənd) is probably related, though its precise derivation is less secure (de Vaan 2008: 45; Dunkel 2014: 306–11; Kloekhorst 2008: 287–89; Kroonen 2011a: 85–86; Watkins 2011: s.v. ant-).
Descendants
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*and, *andi (Proto-West Germanic)
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ande, enda, in, indi, unde (Old Dutch)
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ende, en, end, enn, enne, inde, unde, ande (Middle Dutch)
- ènde, ènd, èn, è (Limburgish)
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ende, en, end, enn, enne, inde, unde, ande (Middle Dutch)
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ande, enda, in, indi, unde (Old Dutch)
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*and, *andi (Proto-West Germanic)
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ande, enda, in, indi, unde (Old Dutch)
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ende, en, end, enn, enne, inde, unde, ande (Middle Dutch)
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en, ende (Dutch)
- en (Afrikaans)
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en, ende (Dutch)
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ende, en, end, enn, enne, inde, unde, ande (Middle Dutch)
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ande, enda, in, indi, unde (Old Dutch)
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*and, *andi (Proto-West Germanic)
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and, ond, end, ᚪᚾᛞ (and), ᛖᚾᛞ (end) (Old English)
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and, annd, ant, an, en, ⁊, & (Middle English)
- and (English)
- an (Scots)
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and, annd, ant, an, en, ⁊, & (Middle English)
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and, ond, end, ᚪᚾᛞ (and), ᛖᚾᛞ (end) (Old English)
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*and, *andi (Proto-West Germanic)
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and, ande, ende (Old Frisian)
- än (North Frisian)
- un (Saterland Frisian)
- en, in (West Frisian)
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and, ande, ende (Old Frisian)
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*and, *andi (Proto-West Germanic)
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unti, unta, unte, unda, undi, unde, un, anti, and, enti, endi, end, inti, indi, int, in (Old High German)
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unde, unt, und, unn, onde, ont, inde (Middle High German)
- und (Bavarian)
- und (German)
- און (un) (Yiddish)
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unde, unt, und, unn, onde, ont, inde (Middle High German)
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unti, unta, unte, unda, undi, unde, un, anti, and, enti, endi, end, inti, indi, int, in (Old High German)
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*and, *andi (Proto-West Germanic)
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unti, unta, unte, unda, undi, unde, un, anti, and, enti, endi, end, inti, indi, int, in (Old High German)
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unde, unt, und, unn, onde, ont, inde (Middle High German)
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en, an, on, un (Central Franconian)
- an (Luxembourgish)
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en, an, on, un (Central Franconian)
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unde, unt, und, unn, onde, ont, inde (Middle High German)
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unti, unta, unte, unda, undi, unde, un, anti, and, enti, endi, end, inti, indi, int, in (Old High German)
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*and, *andi (Proto-West Germanic)
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unti, unta, unte, unda, undi, unde, un, anti, and, enti, endi, end, inti, indi, int, in (Old High German)
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unde, unt, und, unn, onde, ont, inde (Middle High German)
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un, on (Rhine Franconian)
- un (Pennsylvania German)
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un, on (Rhine Franconian)
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unde, unt, und, unn, onde, ont, inde (Middle High German)
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unti, unta, unte, unda, undi, unde, un, anti, and, enti, endi, end, inti, indi, int, in (Old High German)
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*and, *andi (Proto-West Germanic)
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endi (Old Saxon)
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ende, end, en, unde, und, un, inde, ind, in, ande (Middle Low German)
- en, in (Dutch Low Saxon)
- un, on (Low German)
- un, en (Plautdietsch)
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ende, end, en, unde, und, un, inde, ind, in, ande (Middle Low German)
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endi (Old Saxon)
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en, enn (Old Norse)
- end (Danish)
- en (Icelandic)
- enn (Norwegian Bokmål)
- enn, en (Norwegian Nynorsk)
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en, enn (Old Norse)
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æn (Old Swedish)
- än (Swedish)
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æn (Old Swedish)