*anda-
Runic: ᚨᚾᛞᚨ- Pronunciation: /ˈɑn.dɑ/prefix
Function
- facing, opposite
- against, opposing
- reversative or separative, ‘un-, de-’
Etymology
From pre-Germanic *h₂entó, with secondary oxytone accent, probably a directional/allative formation from the Proto-Indo-European root noun *h₂énts. Dunkel (2014: 306–11) reconstructs root-accented *h₂énto (‘opposite, against’), but the Germanic *-d- requires oxytone accent at the time of Verner’s Law; compare Ringe’s parallel accent shift *h₂énti > *h₂entí for PGmc *andi (Ringe 2017: 71). The original spatial sense ‘facing, opposite’ readily developed into ‘against’ and then ‘away, off’. Related Indo-European forms include *h₂énti, reflected in Hittite 𒄩𒀭𒍝 (ḫa-an-za /ḫants/), Ancient Greek ἀντί (antí), Vedic Sanskrit अन्ति (ánti), and Latin ante (de Vaan 2008: 45; Dunkel 2014: 306–11; Kloekhorst 2008: 287–89). Compare also Proto-Tocharian *ā́ntë, usually derived from *h₂ént-o- and clearly belonging to the same *h₂ent- family, though its exact formal relationship with the Germanic *h₂entó formation is uncertain (Adams 2013: s.v. ānte).
Descendants
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*anda- (Proto-West Germanic)
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ant- (Old Dutch)
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ont-, ant- (Middle Dutch)
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ont- (Dutch)
- ont- (Afrikaans)
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ont- (Dutch)
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ont-, ant- (Middle Dutch)
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ant- (Old Dutch)
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*anda- (Proto-West Germanic)
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and-, an-, ond-, on- (Old English)
- an-, and-, on-, un- (English)
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and-, an-, ond-, on- (Old English)
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*anda- (Proto-West Germanic)
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*and-, und-, ant- (Old Frisian)
- änt- (Saterland Frisian)
- unt-, ûnt, ûnd (West Frisian)
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*and-, und-, ant- (Old Frisian)
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*anda- (Proto-West Germanic)
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ant-, anta-, int- (Old High German)
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ent-, -int-, ant- (Middle High German)
- ent-, emp- (German)
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ent-, -int-, ant- (Middle High German)
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ant-, anta-, int- (Old High German)
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*anda- (Proto-West Germanic)
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and- (Old Saxon)
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ent- (Middle Low German)
- ent- (Low German)
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ent- (Middle Low German)
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and- (Old Saxon)
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and- (Old Norse)
- and- (Faroese)
- and- (Icelandic)
- and- (Norwegian Bokmål)
- and- (Norwegian Nynorsk)
- 𐌰𐌽𐌳𐌰- (anda-), 𐌰𐌽𐌳- (and-) (Gothic)
- *and- (Vandalic)