*ankulaz
Runic: ᚨᚾᚲᚢᛚᚨᛉ Pronunciation: /ˈɑŋ.ku.lɑz/noun · masculine · a-stem
Meanings
ankle; the joint between the foot and lower leg
Etymology
Probably from Proto-Indo-European *h₂éng-ul-(o)-, an l-formation from root *h₂eng- (Kroonen 2013: 29). The semantic development was presumably ‘bend, angle’ > ‘joint’ > ‘ankle’. Close cognates include Latin angulus < *h₂eng-(e)lo-, Sanskrit अङ्गुरि (aṅgúri) < *h₂eng-ul-i-, and Proto-Slavic *ǫgъlъ, which Derksen likewise derives from *h₂eng- (de Vaan 2008: 42–43; Derksen 2008: 385–86; Kroonen 2013: 29). Ancient Greek ἀγκύλος (ankúlos) is not an exact cognate: it reflects the related voiceless-root formation *h₂enkulós from *h₂enk-, which regularly yielded Proto-Germanic *angulaz through Grimm's and Verner's laws (Ringe 2017: 123–24). The voiced root *h₂eng- may itself have arisen from *h₂enk- by assimilation of the stop to the preceding nasal, though the relationship between the two variants remains uncertain (de Vaan 2008: 42–43).
Declension
| Case | Singular | Plural |
|---|---|---|
| Nom. | ankulaz | ankulōz, ankulōs |
| Acc. | ankulą | ankulanz |
| Gen. | ankulas, ankulis | ankulǫ̂ |
| Dat. | ankulai | ankulamaz |
| Inst. | ankulō | ankulamiz |
| Voc. | ankul | ankulōz, ankulōs |
Descendants
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*ankul, *ankil (Proto-West Germanic)
-
*enklow, *enkle, *ankel (Old Dutch)
-
enkel, ankel, inkel, enklauw, enclau, anclief, inclouwe (Middle Dutch)
-
enkel, enklauw (Dutch)
- enkel (Afrikaans)
-
enkel, enklauw (Dutch)
-
enkel, ankel, inkel, enklauw, enclau, anclief, inclouwe (Middle Dutch)
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*enklow, *enkle, *ankel (Old Dutch)
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*ankul, *ankil (Proto-West Germanic)
-
*ancol, *ancel, anclēo, anclēow (Old English)
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ankel, ankyll, ancle, ankne, anknee (Middle English)
- ankle (English)
- ankleth, anklet (Scots)
-
ankel, ankyll, ancle, ankne, anknee (Middle English)
-
*ancol, *ancel, anclēo, anclēow (Old English)
-
*ankul, *ankil (Proto-West Germanic)
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onkel, anckel, inzil, onklef (Old Frisian)
- onkel (North Frisian)
- Onkel, Oankel (Saterland Frisian)
- ankel (West Frisian)
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onkel, anckel, inzil, onklef (Old Frisian)
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*ankul, *ankil (Proto-West Germanic)
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enkil, ankala, anchlāo (Old High German)
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enkel (Middle High German)
- Enkel (German)
-
enkel (Middle High German)
-
enkil, ankala, anchlāo (Old High German)
-
*ankul, *ankil (Proto-West Germanic)
-
enkel, ankel (Old Saxon)
-
ankel, enkel, anclef, antcleve, antclau (Middle Low German)
- ankel (Danish)
- Enkel (Low German)
- ankel, ankul, ankål (Gutnish)
- Enkel (Low German)
- ankel (Norwegian Bokmål)
- ankel (Swedish)
-
ankel, enkel, anclef, antcleve, antclau (Middle Low German)
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enkel, ankel (Old Saxon)
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ǫkkla, ǫkla, ǫkli (Old Norse)
- økil, økul (Faroese)
- ökla, ökli, ökkli (Icelandic)