*angulaz
Runic: ᚨᚾᚷᚢᛚᚨᛉ Pronunciation: /ˈɑŋ.ɡu.lɑz/noun · masculine · a-stem
Meanings
- hook, fishhook
- point, tip
Etymology
From Proto-Indo-European *h₂ankulós, analyzable as *h₂enk-u-ló-s, an *-ulo-/*-u-ló- formation from the root *h₂enk-. The formation was probably originally adjectival, ‘bent, curved’, and was substantivized in Germanic as ‘hook’ (Erhard 2022: 107–109; Kroonen 2013: 28; Ringe 2017: 124). The exact cognate is Ancient Greek ἀγκύλος (ankúlos), while Avestan 𐬀𐬥𐬐𐬎 (anku-) and Sanskrit अङ्कुश (aṅkuśa) belong to related formations from the same root (Krahe & Meid 1969: 85). The accentuation provides unusually good confirmation of the reconstruction: Ringe contrasts root-accented pre-Germanic *h₂ánkulah₂ > Proto-Germanic *anhulō with suffix-accented pre-Germanic *h₂ankulós > PGmc *angulaz, in which Verner’s Law voices the reflex of *k to *g; the accent of Greek ἀγκύλος independently supports the latter accentuation through Wheeler’s Law (Ringe 2017: 124). The older analysis of *angulaz as a Proto-Germanic diminutive of *angô¹ is therefore unnecessary: *angulaz and *angô¹ are better regarded as separate inherited derivatives of *h₂enk-. The sense ‘prickle, sting’ appears instead to have belonged originally to the related n-stem *angô¹ and to have spread secondarily to descendants of *angulaz in West Germanic from about the eleventh century onward (Erhard 2022: 107–09).
Declension
| Case | Singular | Plural |
|---|---|---|
| Nom. | angulaz | angulōz, angulōs |
| Acc. | angulą | angulanz |
| Gen. | angulas, angulis | angulǫ̂ |
| Dat. | angulai | angulamaz |
| Inst. | angulō | angulamiz |
| Voc. | angul | angulōz, angulōs |
Descendants
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*angul (Proto-West Germanic)
-
*angul (Old Dutch)
-
angel (Middle Dutch)
- angel (Dutch)
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angel (Middle Dutch)
-
*angul (Old Dutch)
-
*angul (Proto-West Germanic)
-
angol, angul, ongul, angel, ongel (Old English)
-
angel, angell (Middle English)
- angle (English)
- angell, angel (Scots)
-
angel, angell (Middle English)
-
angol, angul, ongul, angel, ongel (Old English)
-
*angul (Proto-West Germanic)
-
*angel, *ongel (Old Frisian)
- Ongel (Saterland Frisian)
- angel (West Frisian)
-
*angel, *ongel (Old Frisian)
-
*angul (Proto-West Germanic)
-
angul (Old High German)
-
angel, ange (Middle High German)
- Angel (German)
-
angel, ange (Middle High German)
-
angul (Old High German)
-
*angul (Proto-West Germanic)
-
angul (Old High German)
-
angel, ange (Middle High German)
- Aangel (Luxembourgish)
-
angel, ange (Middle High German)
-
angul (Old High German)
-
*angul (Proto-West Germanic)
-
angul (Old Saxon)
-
angel (Middle Low German)
- Angel (Low German)
-
angel (Middle Low German)
-
angul (Old Saxon)
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ǫngull (Old Norse)
- ongul (Faroese)
- anggel, anggul (Gutnish)
- öngull (Icelandic)
- angel (Norwegian Bokmål)
- angel, ongel (Norwegian Nynorsk)
- angel (Swedish)