*-aną²
Runic: ᚨᚾᚨ Pronunciation: /ɑ.nɑ̃/suffix · forms verbs
Function
forms infinitive of preterite-present verbs
Etymology
Originally a verbal noun formation, from Proto-Indo-European *-o-no-m, from *-o- (thematic vowel) + *‑no‑m (neuter verbal noun suffix). Compare Sanskrit दान॑म् (dā́nam) and Latin donum from PIE *déh₃-no-m (Ringe 2017: 209). The few athematic verbs in Proto-Germanic used the suffix without the thematic vowel, *-ną (compare *beuną, *gāną). Cognate with Sanskrit -अन (-ana).
Conjugation
Preterite-present verbs consist of three principal parts: the present singular indicative stem (2), the sub-junctive and indicative plural present stem (3), and the past stem (5).
Paradigm
Present active
| Person | Indicative | Subjunctive | Imperative |
|---|---|---|---|
| 1st singular | 2 - | 3 -į̄ | - |
| 2nd singular | 2 -t | 3 -īz | - |
| 3rd singular | 2 - | 3 -ī | - |
| 1st dual | 3 -ū | 3 -īw | - |
| 2nd dual | 3 -udiz | 3 -īdiz | - |
| 1st plural | 3 -um | 3 -īm | - |
| 2nd plural | 3 -ud | 3 -īd | - |
| 3rd plural | 3 -un | 3 -īn | - |
Present passive
| Person | Indicative | Subjunctive |
|---|---|---|
| 1st singular | - | - |
| 2nd singular | - | - |
| 3rd singular | - | - |
| 1st dual | - | - |
| 2nd dual | - | - |
| 1st plural | - | - |
| 2nd plural | - | - |
| 3rd plural | - | - |
Past
| Person | Indicative | Subjunctive |
|---|---|---|
| 1st singular | 5 -ǭ | 5 -ēdį̄ |
| 2nd singular | 5 -ēz | 5 -ēdīz |
| 3rd singular | 5 -ē | 5 -ēdī |
| 1st dual | 5 -ēdū | 5 -ēdīw |
| 2nd dual | 5 -ēdudiz | 5 -ēdīdiz |
| 1st plural | 5 -ēdum | 5 -ēdīm |
| 2nd plural | 5 -ēdud | 5 -ēdīd |
| 3rd plural | 5 -ēdun | 5 -ēdīn |
Non-finite Forms
| Infinitive | Present Participle | Past Participle |
|---|---|---|
| -aną | 3-andz | 5-az |
Descendants
-
*-an (Proto-West Germanic)
-
-an (Old Dutch)
-
-en (Middle Dutch)
- -en (Dutch)
-
-en (Middle Dutch)
-
-an (Old Dutch)
-
*-an (Proto-West Germanic)
-
-an (Old English)
-
-en (Middle English)
- -en (obsolete) (English)
- -en, -in (Middle Scots)
-
-en (Middle English)
-
-an (Old English)
-
*-an (Proto-West Germanic)
-
-a (Old Frisian)
- -e (North Frisian)
- -e (Saterland Frisian)
- -e (West Frisian)
-
-a (Old Frisian)
-
*-an (Proto-West Germanic)
-
-an (Old High German)
-
-en (Middle High German)
- -e (Alemannic German)
- -n (Bavarian)
- -e (Central Franconian)
- -en, -n (East Central German)
- -en (German)
- -en (Luxem-bourgish)
- -e (Rhine Franconian)
- ־ן (-n) (Yiddish)
-
-en (Middle High German)
-
-an (Old High German)
-
*-an (Proto-West Germanic)
-
-an (Old Saxon)
-
-en (Middle Low German)
- -en (Low German)
-
-en (Middle Low German)
-
-an (Old Saxon)
-
-a (Old Norse)
- -a (Faroese)
- -a (Icelandic)
- -a (Norwegian Nynorsk)
- -a (Swedish)
-
-a (Old Norse)
-
-e (Danish)
- -e (Norwegian Bokmål)
-
-e (Danish)
- -𐌰𐌽 (-an) (Gothic)