*arbaidōną

Runic: ᚨᚱᛒᚨᛁᛞᛟᚾᚨ Pronunciation: /ˈɑr.βɑi̯.ðɔː.nɑ̃/

verb · Weak class 2

Meanings

to work, labor
to toil

Etymology

A denominal Weak class 2 verb from *arbaidiz + *-ōną, from earlier *-ōjaną. The suffix had been reanalyzed in Germanic as an independent productive denominative formant and could be added to nominal bases outside the inherited *eh₂-stem class (Fulk 2018: 304–308; Orel 2003: 22, s.v. *arbaidōjanan; Ringe 2017: 189, 200–201). Reflected by Old Norse erfiða, Old English earfodian, Old Saxon arvidōn, and Old High German arabeitōn, arbeitōn (Orel 2003: 22, s.v. *arbaidōjanan). The Weak class 1 *arbaidijaną is a parallel formation from the same nominal base. For the deeper etymology, see *arbaidiz.

Conjugation

Present active

Person	Indicative	Subjunctive	Imperative
1st singular	arbaidō	arbaidǭ	–
2nd singular	arbaidōsi	arbaidōs	arbaidō
3rd singular	arbaidōþi	arbaidō	arbaidōþau
1st dual	arbaidōs	arbaidōw	–
2nd dual	arbaidōþiz	arbaidōþiz	arbaidōþiz
1st plural	arbaidōmaz	arbaidōm	–
2nd plural	arbaidōþ	arbaidōþ	arbaidōþ
3rd plural	arbaidōnþi	arbaidōn	arbaidōnþau

Present passive

Person	Indicative	Subjunctive
1st singular	arbaidōi	–
2nd singular	arbaidōsai	arbaidōsau
3rd singular	arbaidōþai	arbaidōþau
1st dual	–	–
2nd dual	–	–
1st plural	arbaidōnþai	arbaidōnþau
2nd plural	arbaidōnþai	arbaidōnþau
3rd plural	arbaidōnþai	arbaidōnþau

Past

Person	Indicative	Subjunctive
1st singular	arbaidōdǭ	arbaidōdēdį̄
2nd singular	arbaidōdēz	arbaidōdēdīz
3rd singular	arbaidōdē	arbaidōdēdī
1st dual	arbaidōdēdū	arbaidōdēdīw
2nd dual	arbaidōdēdudiz	arbaidōdēdīdiz
1st plural	arbaidōdēdum	arbaidōdēdīm
2nd plural	arbaidōdēdud	arbaidōdēdīd
3rd plural	arbaidōdēdun	arbaidōdēdīn

Non-finite Forms

Infinitive	Present Participle	Past Participle
arbaidōną	arbaidōndz	arbaidōdaz

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Descendants

*arbaidōn (Proto-West Germanic)
- earfodian (Old English)
*arbaidōn (Proto-West Germanic)
- arbêdia (Old Frisian)
  - oarbaidje (Saterland Frisian)
  - arbeidzje (West Frisian)
*arbaidōn (Proto-West Germanic)
- arabeitōn, arbeitōn (Old High German)
  - arebeiten, arbeiten, *arbaidijan (Middle High German)
    - arwadn, arweddn, oaweddn, orbeita (Bavarian)
    - arbeiten (German)
    - arbigge (Kölsch)
    - אַרבעטן (arbetn) (Yiddish)
*arbaidōn (Proto-West Germanic)
- arvidōn (Old Saxon)
  - arbeiden, *arbaidijan (Middle Low German)
    - arbeiden (Low German)
      - arbejde (Danish)
      - arbeiða (Faroese)
      - arbeide, arbeida (Norwegian)
*arbaidōn (Proto-West Germanic)
- arvidōn (Old Saxon)
  - arbeiden, *arbaidijan (Middle Low German)
    - arbeiden (Low German)
      - arbeida, arbeta (Old Swedish)
        
        arbeta (Swedish)
erfiða (Old Norse)
- erfiða (Icelandic)

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