*arbaidiz
Runic: ᚨᚱᛒᚨᛁᛞᛁᛉ Pronunciation: /ˈɑr.βɑi̯.ðiz/noun · feminine · i-stem
Meanings
- labor, work, toil
- hardship, suffering
Etymology
From earlier *arbaiþiz, a feminine i-stem continuing a pre-Germanic *-ti- abstract of uncertain formation, belonging to the Proto-Indo-European root *h₃erbʰ-. Kroonen (2013: 33) derives it from an unattested verb continuing an o-grade y-present *h₃orbʰ-óy-ti ~ *h₃orbʰ-y-énti, associated with *h₃órbʰos. Alternatively, Weiss (2006: 261–66) derives *arbaidiz either from *arba-idiz < *h₃orbʰo- + *h₁éytis, literally ‘going around’, or from *h₃orbʰ-oi-t-i-s, both connecting the word with agricultural labor through the root sense ‘turn’. Compare Hittite 𒄯𒀊𒍣 (ḫar-ap-zi, /ḫarpzi/) and Proto-Slavic *orbota (Martzloff & Machajdíková 2023: 95–97).
Declension
| Case | Singular | Plural |
|---|---|---|
| Nom. | arbaidiz | arbaidīz |
| Acc. | arbaidį | arbaidinz |
| Gen. | arbaidīz | arbaidijǫ̂ |
| Dat. | arbaidī | arbaidimaz |
| Inst. | arbaidī | arbaidimiz |
| Voc. | arbaidi | arbaidīz |
Descendants
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*arbaiþi (Proto-West Germanic)
-
arvit, arvith, arbeit, arbeith (Old Dutch)
-
arbeit (Middle Dutch)
- arbeid (Limburgish)
-
arbeit (Middle Dutch)
-
arvit, arvith, arbeit, arbeith (Old Dutch)
-
*arbaiþi (Proto-West Germanic)
-
arvit, arvith, arbeit, arbeith (Old Dutch)
-
arbeit (Middle Dutch)
-
arbeid (Dutch)
- arbeid (Afrikaans)
-
arbeid (Dutch)
-
arbeit (Middle Dutch)
-
arvit, arvith, arbeit, arbeith (Old Dutch)
-
*arbaiþi (Proto-West Germanic)
-
earfoþe, earfeþe, earfod (Old English)
- arveð (Middle English)
-
earfoþe, earfeþe, earfod (Old English)
-
*arbaiþi (Proto-West Germanic)
-
arbēd (Old Frisian)
- Oarbaid (Saterland Frisian)
- arbeid (West Frisian)
-
arbēd (Old Frisian)
-
*arbaiþi (Proto-West Germanic)
-
arbeit, arabeit (Old High German)
-
arebeit, erebeit, arbeit, erbeit (Middle High German)
- Orbeid (East Central German)
- אַרבעט (arbet) (Yiddish)
-
arebeit, erebeit, arbeit, erbeit (Middle High German)
-
arbeit, arabeit (Old High German)
-
*arbaiþi (Proto-West Germanic)
-
arbeit, arabeit (Old High German)
-
arebeit, erebeit, arbeit, erbeit (Middle High German)
- Arbeit (German)
-
arebeit, erebeit, arbeit, erbeit (Middle High German)
-
arbeit, arabeit (Old High German)
-
*arbaiþi (Proto-West Germanic)
-
arbeit, arabeit (Old High German)
-
arebeit, erebeit, arbeit, erbeit (Middle High German)
-
Abeit (Rhine Franconian)
- Arewet (Pennsylvania German)
-
Abeit (Rhine Franconian)
-
arebeit, erebeit, arbeit, erbeit (Middle High German)
-
arbeit, arabeit (Old High German)
-
*arbaiþi (Proto-West Germanic)
-
arvēd, arƀed, arvid (Old Saxon)
-
arbeit, arbet, arveit, arvet (Middle Low German)
- arbejde (Danish)
- arbeiði (Faroese)
- Arbeid, Arbed, Arweid, Arwed (Low German)
- arbeiði, arbeið (Icelandic)
- arbeid (Norwegian)
-
arbeit, arbet, arveit, arvet (Middle Low German)
-
arvēd, arƀed, arvid (Old Saxon)
-
*arbaiþi (Proto-West Germanic)
-
arvēd, arƀed, arvid (Old Saxon)
-
arbeit, arbet, arveit, arvet (Middle Low German)
-
arbeide, arbeyd, arbede, arbeyte, arbeyt, arbete, ærbete, arbet (Old Swedish)
- arbete (Swedish)
-
arbeide, arbeyd, arbede, arbeyte, arbeyt, arbete, ærbete, arbet (Old Swedish)
-
arbeit, arbet, arveit, arvet (Middle Low German)
-
arvēd, arƀed, arvid (Old Saxon)
- 𐌰𐍂𐌱𐌰𐌹𐌸𐍃 (arbaiþs) (Gothic)