*ardiz
Runic: ᚨᚱᛞᛁᛉ Pronunciation: /ˈɑr.ðiz/noun · masculine · i-stem
Meanings
- nature, disposition, character; characteristic quality
- kind, type, manner
Etymology
Traditionally reconstructed as an i-stem, continuing the Proto-Indo-European proterokinetic ti-stem *h₂ér-ti-s ~ *h₂r̥-téy-s, from *h₂er-; compare Latin ars, artis and Sanskrit ऋ॒ति (ṛtí) (Torp 1909: 17–18). The Germanic *-d- is from a generalization of the weak stem, where Verner’s Law came into effect due to the oxytone accent: *h₂r̥-téy- > pre-Germanic *ard-. The Proto-Germanic stem class, however, is uncertain. The Germanic reflexes do not independently require an i-stem: Old English eard shows no diagnostic i-umlaut, and Old Norse einarðr favors a thematic adjectival formation. Accordingly, Orel (2003: 22–23) reconstructs an a-stem *ardaz, while Lloyd and Springer (1988: s.v. art) cautiously give only Germanic *ard-. *ardiz may therefore preserve the inherited ti-stem, but *ardaz, perhaps through Germanic thematic remodeling, is a serious alternative. Not to be confused with the better-supported agricultural i-stem *arþiz.
Declension
| Case | Singular | Plural |
|---|---|---|
| Nom. | ardiz | ardīz |
| Acc. | ardį | ardinz |
| Gen. | ardīz | ardijǫ̂ |
| Dat. | ardī | ardimaz |
| Inst. | ardī | ardimiz |
| Voc. | ardi | ardīz |
Descendants
-
*ardi (Proto-West Germanic)
-
art, *ard (Old Dutch)
-
aert (Middle Dutch)
-
aard (Dutch)
- aard (Afrikaans)
-
aard (Dutch)
-
aert (Middle Dutch)
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art, *ard (Old Dutch)
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*ardi (Proto-West Germanic)
-
*erd, eard (Old English)
- erd (Middle English)
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*erd, eard (Old English)
-
*ardi (Proto-West Germanic)
-
*ard, *erd (Old Frisian)
- Oard (Saterland Frisian)
- aard (West Frisian)
-
*ard, *erd (Old Frisian)
-
*ardi (Proto-West Germanic)
-
art (Old High German)
-
art (Middle High German)
- Årt (Bavarian)
- Aart (Luxembourgish)
-
art (Middle High German)
-
art (Old High German)
-
*ardi (Proto-West Germanic)
-
art (Old High German)
-
art (Middle High German)
-
Aad, Aat, Aart (Central Franconian)
- Aat (Kölsch)
-
Aad, Aat, Aart (Central Franconian)
-
art (Middle High German)
-
art (Old High German)
-
*ardi (Proto-West Germanic)
-
art (Old High German)
-
art (Middle High German)
- Art (German)
- art (Swedish)
-
art (Middle High German)
-
art (Old High German)
-
*ardi (Proto-West Germanic)
-
art (Old High German)
-
art (Middle High German)
-
Art (German)
-
art (Danish)
- art (Faroese)
- art (Icelandic)
-
art (Danish)
-
Art (German)
-
art (Middle High German)
-
art (Old High German)
-
*ardi (Proto-West Germanic)
-
*ard (Old Saxon)
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art, ārt (Middle Low German)
- Aard (Low German)
-
art, ārt (Middle Low German)
-
*ard (Old Saxon)
-
arðr (Old Norse)
- arður (Icelandic)