*arþiz

From Proto-Indo-European *h₂érh₃-ti-s, a feminine *-ti- action noun from root *h₂erh₃- (Orel 2003: 23; Ringe 2017: 305; Wodtko et al. 2008: 322–23). The inherited mobile paradigm was probably *h₂érh₃-ti-s ~ *h₂r̥h₃-téy-s; its accent alternation produced Germanic *arþiz ~ *ardiz by Verner’s Law, with the full-grade root generalized in Germanic (Ringe 2017: 305; Wodtko et al. 2008: 322). The Germanic meanings reflect the common development ‘plowing’ > ‘plowed land’ and ‘crop, yield’ (Orel 2003: 23; Wodtko et al. 2008: 325). Compare Celtiberian aratim, formally compatible with *h₂érh₃-ti-m, although its interpretation as ‘plowing’ or ‘arable land’ remains disputed (Donners 2024: 11 n. 22; McCone 1995: 7; Wodtko et al. 2008: 325 n. 13).