*armaz²
Runic: ᚨᚱᛗᚨᛉ Pronunciation: /ˈɑr.mɑz/adjective · a-stem
Meanings
- poor, miserable
- pitiful, pitiable
Etymology
From pre-Germanic *h₃orbʰ-mó-s, an *-mo- adjective from Proto-Indo-European root *h₃erbʰ-, with loss of *b before *m: *arbma- > *arma- (Kroonen 2013: 35, s.v. *arma- 2). Related to *h₃órbʰos, reflected in Old Armenian որբ (orb), Ancient Greek ὀρφανός (orphanós), and Latin orbus; the semantic development was probably through ‘bereft, deprived’ > ‘poor, pitiable’ (Holopainen 2025: 90–94; Martzloff & Machajdíková 2023: 95–98). Kroonen also derives Old Norse aumr from a Proto-Norse variant produced by dissimilation of a form retaining the labial, parallel to Old Norse haustr < *harbistaz. Alternatively, comparison with Hittite 𒂊𒅕𒈠𒀭 (e-er-ma-an /erman-/) and Sanskrit अर्मन् (arman) permits a reconstruction of *h₁or-mo-, but Kroonen regards the *h₃orbʰ-mo-s analysis as preferable.
Declension
Strong declension
| Case | Sg. Masc. | Sg. Fem. | Sg. Neut. | Pl. Masc. | Pl. Fem. | Pl. Neut. |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Nom. | armaz | armō | armą, -atō | armai | armôz | armō |
| Acc. | armanǭ | armǭ | armą, -atō | armanz | armōz | armō |
| Gen. | armas, -is | armaizōz | armas, -is | armaizǫ̂ | armaizǫ̂ | armaizǫ̂ |
| Dat. | armammai | armaizōi | armammai | armaimaz | armaimaz | armaimaz |
| Inst. | armanō | armaizō | armanō | armaimiz | armaimiz | armaimiz |
Weak declension
| Case | Sg. Masc. | Sg. Fem. | Sg. Neut. | Pl. Masc. | Pl. Fem. | Pl. Neut. |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Nom. | armô | armǭ | armô | armaniz | armōniz | armōnō |
| Acc. | armanų | armōnų | armô | armanunz | armōnunz | armōnō |
| Gen. | arminiz | armōniz | arminiz | armanǫ̂ | armōnǫ̂ | armanǫ̂ |
| Dat. | armini | armōni | armini | armammaz | armōmaz | armammaz |
| Inst. | arminē | armōnē | arminē | armammiz | armōmiz | armammiz |
Descendants
-
*arm (Proto-West Germanic)
-
arm (Old Dutch)
-
arm (Middle Dutch)
- erm (Limburgish)
-
arm (Middle Dutch)
-
arm (Old Dutch)
-
*arm (Proto-West Germanic)
-
arm (Old Dutch)
-
arm (Middle Dutch)
-
arm (Dutch)
- arm (Afrikaans)
-
arm (Dutch)
-
arm (Middle Dutch)
-
arm (Old Dutch)
-
*arm (Proto-West Germanic)
-
earm (Old English)
-
arm (Middle English)
- arm (English)
- arm (Scots)
-
arm (Middle English)
-
earm (Old English)
-
*arm (Proto-West Germanic)
-
erm (Old Frisian)
- äärm (Saterland Frisian)
- earm (West Frisian)
-
erm (Old Frisian)
-
*arm (Proto-West Germanic)
-
arm (Old High German)
-
arm (Middle High German)
- arm (Cimbrian)
- arm (German)
- aarm (Luxembourgish)
- aarem (Plautdietsch)
- אָרעם (orem) (Yiddish)
-
arm (Middle High German)
-
arm (Old High German)
-
*arm (Proto-West Germanic)
-
*arm (Old Saxon)
-
arm (Middle Low German)
- arm (Low German)
- oam, oarm (Plautdietsch)
-
arm (Middle Low German)
-
*arm (Old Saxon)
-
armr (Old Norse)
- arm (Danish)
- armur (Faroese)
- armur (Icelandic)
- arm (Norwegian Bokmål)
- arm (Norwegian Nynorsk)
- arm (Swedish)
- 𐌰𐍂𐌼𐍃 (arms) (Gothic)
- *armas, *armo (Proto-Finnic)