*-atjaną
Runic: ᚨᛏᛃᚨᚾᚨ Pronunciation: /ɑt.jɑ.nɑ̃/suffix · forms verbs · Weak class 1
Function
- forms weak class I verbs from nouns and adjectives, with meanings such as ‘make X’, ‘become X’, ‘act as X’, or ‘treat as X’, similar in function to modern English “-ize”
- forms intensive, frequentative, or iterative verbs from verbal bases
Etymology
From Proto-Germanic *-atja- + infinitive marker *-ną. The suffix belongs with Proto-Germanic *-atja-/ *-itja-, a Weak class 1 verb-forming type whose final *-ja-continues the inherited Indo-European y-present / denominative-factitive suffix *-yé/ó- (Ringe 2017: 201, 323). The preceding *-at- is the PGmc reflex of a pre-Germanic dental stem element *-ad- or thematicized *-od-. The suffix was probably formed from *-yo- verbs that had earlier nominal stems ending in *-d- or *-do-, where the original function of the dental element was as an extension to a root or stem (Krahe & Meid 1969: §193). Ancient Greek suffixes -άζω (-ázō) and -ίζω (-ízō)and the PGmc suffix are formally and functionally similar; however, both systems may have developed in parallel from similar earlier Indo-European patterns of dental stem extensions with *-yé/ó-verbal derivations (Krahe & Meid 1969: §193).
Paradigm
Present active
| Person | Indicative | Subjunctive | Imperative |
|---|---|---|---|
| 1st singular | -atjō | -atjaų | – |
| 2nd singular | -atisi | -atjais | -ati |
| 3rd singular | -atiþi | -atjai | -atjaþau |
| 1st dual | -atjōs | -atjaiw | – |
| 2nd dual | -atjaþiz | -atjaiþiz | -atjaþiz |
| 1st plural | -atjamaz | -atjaim | – |
| 2nd plural | -atiþ | -atjaiþ | -atiþ |
| 3rd plural | -atjanþi | -atjain | -atjanþau |
Present passive
| Person | Indicative | Subjunctive |
|---|---|---|
| 1st singular | -atjai | – |
| 2nd singular | -atjasai | -atjaisau |
| 3rd singular | -atjaþai | -atjaiþau |
| 1st dual | – | – |
| 2nd dual | – | – |
| 1st plural | -atjanþai | -atjainþau |
| 2nd plural | -atjanþai | -atjainþau |
| 3rd plural | -atjanþai | -atjainþau |
Past
| Person | Indicative | Subjunctive |
|---|---|---|
| 1st singular | -astǭ | -astēdį̄ |
| 2nd singular | -astēz | -astēdīz |
| 3rd singular | -astē | -astēdī |
| 1st dual | -astēdū | -astēdīw |
| 2nd dual | -astēdudiz | -astēdīdiz |
| 1st plural | -astēdum | -astēdīm |
| 2nd plural | -astēdud | -astēdīd |
| 3rd plural | -astēdun | -astēdīn |
Non-finite Forms
| Infinitive | Present Participle | Past Participle |
|---|---|---|
| -atjaną | -atjandz | -atidaz |
Descendants
-
*-attjan (Proto-West Germanic)
-
-ettan, -etan, -tan (Old English)
-
thouten, yeten, grunten, spouten (Middle English)
- yeet, grunt, fidget, spout, botch, haunt, -et (English)
-
thouten, yeten, grunten, spouten (Middle English)
-
-ettan, -etan, -tan (Old English)
-
*-attjan (Proto-West Germanic)
-
-azzen, -ezzen (Old High German)
-
-ezzen, -zen, -sen (Middle High German)
- -zen, -sen (German)
-
-ezzen, -zen, -sen (Middle High German)
-
-azzen, -ezzen (Old High German)
-
-ta (Old Norse)
- -ta (Faroese)
- -ta (Icelandic)
- -ta (Norwegian Nynorsk)
-
-ta (Old Norse)
-
-te (Danish)
- -te (Norwegian Bokmål)
-
-te (Danish)
-
-ta (Old Norse)
-
-ta (Old Swedish)
- -ta (Swedish)
-
-ta (Old Swedish)
- -𐌰𐍄𐌾𐌰𐌽 (-atjan) (Gothic)