*atjaną^²

Runic: ᚨᛏᛃᚨᚾᚨ Pronunciation: /ˈɑt.jɑ.nɑ̃/

verb · Weak class 1

Meanings

to cause or allow an animal to eat; to feed
to pasture or graze livestock
to give something as food or fodder; to cause it to be eaten

Etymology

A causative corresponding to *etaną, formed with*-(i)janą¹ and an o-grade root. It formally reflects the Proto-Indo-European causative-iterative type *h₁od-éye/o- from root *h₁ed- (Kroonen 2013: 39; Ringe 2017: 282). Compare Sanskrit आदयति (ādáyati) (Monier-Williams 1899: 17, s.v. ad). LIV treats the Germanic (and Sanskrit) verb as an innovative formation employing the inherited causative pattern, but gives no further explanation (Rix et al. 2001: 22, 230). However, a newer analysis from Mächler (2017b: 42–43) views the *a-vocalism as favoring an old formation, possibly inherited directly from PIE. Not etymologically related to homonymous *atjaną¹ from *h₃ed-.

Conjugation

Present active

Person	Indicative	Subjunctive	Imperative
1st singular	atjō	atjaų	–
2nd singular	atisi	atjais	ati
3rd singular	atiþi	atjai	atjaþau
1st dual	atjōs	atjaiw	–
2nd dual	atjaþiz	atjaiþiz	atjaþiz
1st plural	atjamaz	atjaim	–
2nd plural	atiþ	atjaiþ	atiþ
3rd plural	atjanþi	atjain	atjanþau

Present passive

Person	Indicative	Subjunctive
1st singular	atjai	–
2nd singular	atjasai	atjaisau
3rd singular	atjaþai	atjaiþau
1st dual	–	–
2nd dual	–	–
1st plural	atjanþai	atjainþau
2nd plural	atjanþai	atjainþau
3rd plural	atjanþai	atjainþau

Past

Person	Indicative	Subjunctive
1st singular	atidǭ	atidēdį̄
2nd singular	atidēz	atidēdīz
3rd singular	atidē	atidēdī
1st dual	atidēdū	atidēdīw
2nd dual	atidēdudiz	atidēdīdiz
1st plural	atidēdum	atidēdīm
2nd plural	atidēdud	atidēdīd
3rd plural	atidēdun	atidēdīn

Non-finite Forms

Infinitive	Present Participle	Past Participle
atjaną	atjandz	atidaz

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Descendants

*attjan (Proto-West Germanic)
- *etten (Old Dutch)
  - etten (Middle Dutch)
    - etten (Dutch)
*attjan (Proto-West Germanic)
- ettan (Old English)
  - etten, eten (Middle English)
*attjan (Proto-West Germanic)
- etta (Old Frisian)
  - ettjen, eattjen (West Frisian)
*attjan (Proto-West Germanic)
- *azzen, ezzen (Old High German)
  - atzen, etzen (Middle High German)
    - etze (Alemannic German)
    - etzan (Cimbrian)
*attjan (Proto-West Germanic)
- *azzen, ezzen (Old High German)
  - atzen, etzen (Middle High German)
    - ätzen, etzen (German)
      - ætse (Danish)
      - etsata (Finnish)
      - ätzen (Low German)
*attjan (Proto-West Germanic)
- *azzen, ezzen (Old High German)
  - atzen, etzen (Middle High German)
    - ätzen, etzen (German)
      - etsen (Dutch)
        
        etch (English)
*attjan (Proto-West Germanic)
- *ettian (Old Saxon)
  - etten (Middle Low German)
    - etten (Low German)
etja (Old Norse)
- etja (Faroese)
- etja (Icelandic)
𐍆𐍂𐌰𐌰𐍄𐌾𐌰𐌽 (fraatjan) (Gothic)

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