*auk

Runic: ᚨᚢᚲ Pronunciation: /ˈɑu̯k/

adverb

Meanings

  1. also, too
  2. furthermore, in addition

Etymology

From the Proto-Indo-European particle sequence *h₂éw ǵe, traditionally associated with *h₂ew + emphatic *ǵe; Dunkel (Dunkel 2014: 281, 334–36) more specifically analyzes *h₂ew as the full grade of the additive particle *h₂u. Compare Ancient Greek αὖγε (aûge). The particle analysis is favored by modern treatments (Kroonen 2013: 42, s.v. *auke; Orel 2003: s.v. *auke). An older alternative connects *auk with *aukaną, ultimately with Proto-Indo-European *h₂ewg-, perhaps as a fossilized imperative; Seebold himself notes that the Germanic particles may instead be unrelated to the verb (Rix et al. 2001: 274–75; Seebold 1970: 84–85).

Descendants

  • *auk (Proto-West Germanic)
    • ōk (Old Dutch)
      • ooc (Middle Dutch)
        • wok (West Flemish)
  • *auk (Proto-West Germanic)
    • ōk (Old Dutch)
      • ooc (Middle Dutch)
        • ook (Dutch)
          • ook (Afrikaans)
  • *auk (Proto-West Germanic)
    • ēac, ēk, ēc, ǣac (Old English)
      • ek, eek, eke (Middle English)
        • eek, eke (English)
        • eik, ek (Scots)
  • *auk (Proto-West Germanic)
    • āk, ocke (Old Frisian)
      • uk, ook (Saterland Frisian)
      • ek (West Frisian)
  • *auk (Proto-West Germanic)
    • ouh (Old High German)
      • ouch (Middle High German)
        • au (Alemannic German)
        • auch (German)
        • och (Luxembourgish)
        • aa (Pennsylvania German)
        • אויך (oykh) (Yiddish)
  • *auk (Proto-West Germanic)
    • ōk (Old Saxon)
      • ôk (Middle Low German)
        • uk (Plautdietsch)
  • *auk (Proto-West Germanic)
    • ōk (Old Saxon)
      • ôk (Middle Low German)
        • ook (Low German)
          • ok, ook (Dutch Low Saxon)
          • ok, auk, ouk, ock, ohk, ook (Low German)
  • auk, ok (Old Norse)
    • og (Faroese)
    • auk, og (Icelandic)
  • auk, ok (Old Norse)
    • og, au, aug, ok, auk, ug (Norwegian Nynorsk)
      • au (Norwegian Bokmål)
  • auk, ok (Old Norse)
    • oc (Old Danish)
      • og (Danish)
        • og (Norwegian Bokmål)
  • auk, ok (Old Norse)
    • ok, oc, och, ogh (Old Swedish)
      • och, ock (Swedish)
  • 𐌰𐌿𐌺 (auk) (Gothic)

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