*aukaną
Runic: ᚨᚢᚲᚨᚾᚨ Pronunciation: /ˈɑu̯.kɑ.nɑ̃/verb · Strong class 7b
Meanings
to increase, grow
Etymology
From Proto-Indo-European thematic present *h₂éwg-e/o-, from root *h₂ewg- (Kroonen 2013: 42). The basic sense was probably intransitive ‘become greater or stronger’, with transitive ‘increase, augment’ developing secondarily. Cognate with Old Armenian աճեմ (ačem), probably from Proto-Armenian *awčémi < *h₂(e)ug-(y)e-mi (Martirosyan 2010: 43, s.v. ačem); Lithuanian áugti and Latvian augt (Derksen 2015: s.v. augti); and Latin augeō. The latest LIV² addenda explicitly includes the Armenian verb and prefers an essive rather than the formerly proposed causative analysis of Latin augeō (Kümmel 2011-2026: 40, s.v. h₂eu̯g-; Rix et al. 2001: 274–275).
Conjugation
Present active
| Person | Indicative | Subjunctive | Imperative |
|---|---|---|---|
| 1st singular | aukō | aukaų | – |
| 2nd singular | aukizi | aukaiz | auk |
| 3rd singular | aukidi | aukai | aukadau |
| 1st dual | aukōz | aukaiw | – |
| 2nd dual | aukadiz | aukaidiz | aukadiz |
| 1st plural | aukamaz | aukaim | – |
| 2nd plural | aukid | aukaid | aukid |
| 3rd plural | aukandi | aukain | aukandau |
Present passive
| Person | Indicative | Subjunctive |
|---|---|---|
| 1st singular | aukai | – |
| 2nd singular | aukazai | aukaizau |
| 3rd singular | aukadai | aukaidau |
| 1st dual | – | – |
| 2nd dual | – | – |
| 1st plural | aukandai | aukaindau |
| 2nd plural | aukandai | aukaindau |
| 3rd plural | aukandai | aukaindau |
Past
| Person | Indicative | Subjunctive |
|---|---|---|
| 1st singular | eauk | eaukį̄ |
| 2nd singular | eauht | eaukīz |
| 3rd singular | eauk | eaukī |
| 1st dual | eaukū | eaukīw |
| 2nd dual | eaukudiz | eaukīdiz |
| 1st plural | eaukum | eaukīm |
| 2nd plural | eaukud | eaukīd |
| 3rd plural | eaukun | eaukīn |
Non-finite Forms
| Infinitive | Present Participle | Past Participle |
|---|---|---|
| aukaną | aukandz | aukanaz |
Descendants
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*aukan (Proto-West Germanic)
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*ōkan (Old Dutch)
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ôken (Middle Dutch)
- oken (Dutch)
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ôken (Middle Dutch)
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*ōkan (Old Dutch)
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*aukan (Proto-West Germanic)
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ēacan (Old English)
-
eken (Middle English)
- eke (English)
- eik (Scots)
-
eken (Middle English)
-
ēacan (Old English)
-
*aukan (Proto-West Germanic)
- āka (Old Frisian)
- ouhhan, ouchan (Old High German)
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*aukan (Proto-West Germanic)
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ōkan (Old Saxon)
- ôken (Old Saxon)
-
ōkan (Old Saxon)
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auka (Old Norse)
- eyka (Faroese)
- auka (Icelandic)
-
auka (Old Norse)
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auka (Norwegian Nynorsk)
- auke (Norwegian Bokmål)
-
auka (Norwegian Nynorsk)
-
auka (Old Norse)
-
økæ (Old Danish)
-
øge (Danish)
- økja (Faroese)
- øke (Norwegian Bokmål)
-
øge (Danish)
-
økæ (Old Danish)
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auka (Old Norse)
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ø̄ka (Old Swedish)
- öka (Swedish)
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ø̄ka (Old Swedish)
- 𐌰𐌿𐌺𐌰𐌽 (aukan) (Gothic)