*baidijaną
Runic: ᛒᚨᛁᛞᛁᛃᚨᚾᚨ Pronunciation: /ˈbɑi̯.ði.jɑ.nɑ̃/verb · Weak class 1
Meanings
- to force, compel; to demand, require
- to constrain
Etymology
An inherited causative corresponding synchronically to *bīdaną + *-(i)janą¹, from pre-Germanic *bʰoydʰ-éye/o-, the o-grade causative of Proto-Indo-European *bʰeydʰ- (Kroonen 2013: 47; Orel 2003: 32; Rix et al. 2001: 71–72). The sense ‘force, compel’ is not simply ‘cause to wait’: it may reflect ‘persuade someone to obey’ > ‘constrain’, while Kroonen regards ‘force’ as closer to the primitive sense (Kroonen 2013: 47; Lehmann 1986a: 56). Cognate root formations include Ancient Greek πείθομαι (peíthomai), Latin fīdō, and Albanian be (de Vaan 2008: 218–19; Rix et al. 2001: 71–72). Compare Proto-Slavic *běditi, though its inherited status versus Germanic influence is disputed (Borissoff 2021).
Conjugation
Present active
| Person | Indicative | Subjunctive | Imperative |
|---|---|---|---|
| 1st singular | baidijō | baidijaų | – |
| 2nd singular | baidīsi | baidijais | baidī |
| 3rd singular | baidīþi | baidijai | baidijaþau |
| 1st dual | baidijōs | baidijaiw | – |
| 2nd dual | baidijaþiz | baidijaiþiz | baidijaþiz |
| 1st plural | baidijamaz | baidijaim | – |
| 2nd plural | baidīþ | baidijaiþ | baidīþ |
| 3rd plural | baidijanþi | baidijain | baidijanþau |
Present passive
| Person | Indicative | Subjunctive |
|---|---|---|
| 1st singular | baidijai | – |
| 2nd singular | baidijasai | baidijaisau |
| 3rd singular | baidijaþai | baidijaiþau |
| 1st dual | – | – |
| 2nd dual | – | – |
| 1st plural | baidijanþai | baidijainþau |
| 2nd plural | baidijanþai | baidijainþau |
| 3rd plural | baidijanþai | baidijainþau |
Past
| Person | Indicative | Subjunctive |
|---|---|---|
| 1st singular | baididǭ | baididēdį̄ |
| 2nd singular | baididēz | baididēdīz |
| 3rd singular | baididē | baididēdī |
| 1st dual | baididēdū | baididēdīw |
| 2nd dual | baididēdudiz | baididēdīdiz |
| 1st plural | baididēdum | baididēdīm |
| 2nd plural | baididēdud | baididēdīd |
| 3rd plural | baididēdun | baididēdīn |
Non-finite Forms
| Infinitive | Present Participle | Past Participle |
|---|---|---|
| baidijaną | baidijandz | baididaz |
Descendants
-
*baidijan (Proto-West Germanic)
-
beidan (Old Dutch)
-
beiden (Middle Dutch)
- beiden (Dutch)
-
beiden (Middle Dutch)
-
beidan (Old Dutch)
-
*baidijan (Proto-West Germanic)
- bǣdan (Old English)
-
*baidijan (Proto-West Germanic)
-
beiten (Old High German)
- beiten (Middle High German)
-
beiten (Old High German)
-
*baidijan (Proto-West Germanic)
-
bēdian (Old Saxon)
-
bêden, beiden (Middle Low German)
- beden (Low German)
-
bêden, beiden (Middle Low German)
-
bēdian (Old Saxon)
-
beiða (Old Norse)
- beiða (Faroese)
- beiða (Icelandic)
-
beiða (Old Norse)
-
bēþa (Old Swedish)
-
bēþas (Old Swedish)
- bedas (Swedish)
-
bēþas (Old Swedish)
-
bēþa (Old Swedish)
- 𐌱𐌰𐌹𐌳𐌾𐌰𐌽 (baidjan) (Gothic)
- paidata (Finnish)
- paijata (Ingrian)