*harmaz¹

Runic: ᚺᚨᚱᛗᚨᛉ Pronunciation: /ˈxɑr.mɑz/

noun · masculine · a-stem

Meanings

harm; shame; pain; injury

Etymology

Traditionally derived Proto-Indo-European *pḱór-mo-s (‘shame, grief, torment, pain’), from *pḱer- (‘to have shame, distress over’). Cognate with Proto-Slavic *sormъ (‘shame’), Persian شرم (šarm, ‘shame’), Avestan 𐬟𐬱𐬀𐬭𐬆𐬨𐬀 (fšarəma) (fšarəma, ‘sense of shame’). Because of PIE root constraints and the fact that the only evidence for *p- comes from Avestan, an alternative etymology reconstructs the root as *ḱer(H)-.

Declension

CaseSingularPlural
Nom.harmazharmōz, harmōs
Acc.harmąharmanz
Gen.harmas, harmisharmǫ̂
Dat.harmaiharmamaz
Inst.harmōharmamiz
Voc.harmharmōz, harmōs

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Descendants

  • *harm (Proto-West Germanic)
    • herm (Old Frisian)
  • *harm (Proto-West Germanic)
    • harm (Old Dutch)
      • harm (Middle Dutch)
        • harm (Dutch)
  • *harm (Proto-West Germanic)
    • hearm (Old English)
      • harm, harem, arme, herme (Middle English)
        • harm (English)
        • herm, hairm (Scots)
        • harrm (Yola)
  • *harm (Proto-West Germanic)
    • harm, haram (Old High German)
      • harm (Middle High German)
        • Harm (German)
  • *harm (Proto-West Germanic)
    • harm (Old Saxon)
      • harm, herm (Middle Low German)
  • harmr (Old Norse)
    • harme (Danish)
    • harmligur (Faroese)
    • harmur (Icelandic)
    • harme (Norwegian Bokmål)
    • harm (Norwegian Nynorsk)
  • harmr (Old Norse)
    • harmber (Old Swedish)
      • harm (Swedish)
        • harmi (Finnish)

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