*-iskaz
Runic: ᛁᛊᚲᚨᛉ Pronunciation: /is.kɑz/adjective · a-stem
Function
forms adjectives from nouns with the sense characteristic of X; pertaining to X
Etymology
From Proto-Indo-European *-iskos. (Brugmann 1892: §90) notes the standard consensus, that the origin of the suffix was *-is-ko-s, where the *-is- possibly represents a fossilized form (perhaps from an s-stem or comparative ending) + *-ko-s, the common PIE adjective-forming suffix (cf. the PIE superlative formation in *-is-to-). Kluge (1899: §§209–210) considers this to be from PIE *-sko- with the *-i-being an intermediate/linking vowel. Cognates are Proto-Balto-Slavic *-iškas (though Brugmann (1892: §90) notes this may be a borrowing from Germanic) and Ancient Greek -ισκος (-iskos), which only forms diminutives.
Declension
Strong declension
| Case | Sg. Masc. | Sg. Fem. | Sg. Neut. | Pl. Masc. | Pl. Fem. | Pl. Neut. |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Nom. | -iskaz | -iskō | -iską, -atō | -iskai | -iskôz | -iskō |
| Acc. | -iskanǭ | -iskǭ | -iską, -atō | -iskanz | -iskōz | -iskō |
| Gen. | -iskas, -iskis | -iskaizōz | -iskas, -iskis | -iskaizǫ̂ | -iskaizǫ̂ | -iskaizǫ̂ |
| Dat. | -iskammai | -iskaizōi | -iskammai | -iskaimaz | -iskaimaz | -iskaimaz |
| Inst. | -iskanō | -iskaizō | -iskanō | -iskaimiz | -iskaimiz | -iskaimiz |
Weak declension
| Case | Sg. Masc. | Sg. Fem. | Sg. Neut. | Pl. Masc. | Pl. Fem. | Pl. Neut. |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Nom. | -iskô | -iskǭ | -iskô | -iskaniz | -iskōniz | -iskōnō |
| Acc. | -iskanų | -iskōnų | -iskô | -iskanunz | -iskōnunz | -iskōnō |
| Gen. | -iskiniz | -iskōniz | -iskiniz | -iskanǫ̂ | -iskōnǫ̂ | -iskanǫ̂ |
| Dat. | -iskini | -iskōni | -iskini | -iskammaz | -iskōmaz | -iskammaz |
| Inst. | -iskinē | -iskōnē | -iskinē | -iskammiz | -iskōmiz | -iskammiz |
Descendants
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*-isk (Proto-West Germanic)
-
*-isk, *-sk (Old Dutch)
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-sc, -sch (Middle Dutch)
- -s (Dutch)
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-sc, -sch (Middle Dutch)
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*-isk, *-sk (Old Dutch)
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*-isk (Proto-West Germanic)
-
-isċ, -ysċ (Old English)
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-ish, -isch (Middle English)
- -ish (English)
- -is (Scots)
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-ish, -isch (Middle English)
-
-isċ, -ysċ (Old English)
-
*-isk (Proto-West Germanic)
-
-isk (Old Frisian)
- -sk, -isk (Saterland Frisian)
- -sk (West Frisian)
-
-isk (Old Frisian)
-
*-isk (Proto-West Germanic)
-
-isc (Old High German)
-
-isch (Middle High German)
- ־יש (-ish) (Yiddish)
-
-isch (Middle High German)
-
-isc (Old High German)
-
*-isk (Proto-West Germanic)
-
-isc (Old High German)
-
-isch (Middle High German)
- -esch (Luxembourgish)
-
-isch (Middle High German)
-
-isc (Old High German)
-
*-isk (Proto-West Germanic)
-
-isc (Old High German)
-
-isch (Middle High German)
-
-isch (German)
-
-isch (Dutch)
- -ies (Afrikaans)
-
-isch (Dutch)
-
-isch (German)
-
-isch (Middle High German)
-
-isc (Old High German)
-
*-isk (Proto-West Germanic)
-
-isk, -isc (Old Saxon)
- -isch (Low German)
- -isch (Plautdietsch)
-
-isk, -isc (Old Saxon)
-
-iskr, -skr (Old Norse)
- -sk, -isk (Danish)
- -skur, -iskur (Faroese)
- -skur, -iskur (Icelandic)
- -sk, -isk (Norwegian Bokmål)
- -sk, -isk (Norwegian Nynorsk)
- -sk, -isk (Swedish)
- -𐌹𐍃𐌺𐍃 (-isks) (Gothic)