*-isōną
Runic: ᛁᛊᛟᚾᚨ Pronunciation: /i.sɔː.nɑ̃/suffix · forms verbs · Weak class 2
Function
forms Weak class 2 verbs from adjectives and nouns, typically meaning ‘to be, become, make, treat as, or act in relation to X’
Etymology
From Proto-Germanic *-is- + *-ōną. The first element is an old nominal or adjectival *-is- extension, comparable to the *-is- seen in PGmc*-iskaz < (PIE *-iskos), while the second element is the regular Weak class 2 denominative verb suffix *-ōną, itself from pre-Germanic *-eh₂-yé/ó- from noun bases ending in *-eh₂. The suffix is a secondary PGmc resegmentation: verbs of the type *X-is-ōną, originally formed to *-is- stems, were reanalyzed as *X- + *-isōną. It is a parallel development to PGmc *-inōną, which was similarly extracted from Weak class 2 verbs based on nouns ending in *-in- or *-īn- (Krahe & Meid 1969: 255–56; Ringe 2017: 200).
Paradigm
Present active
| Person | Indicative | Subjunctive | Imperative |
|---|---|---|---|
| 1st singular | -isō | -isǭ | – |
| 2nd singular | -isōsi | -isōs | -isō |
| 3rd singular | -isōþi | -isō | -isōþau |
| 1st dual | -isōs | -isōw | – |
| 2nd dual | -isōþiz | -isōþiz | -isōþiz |
| 1st plural | -isōmaz | -isōm | – |
| 2nd plural | -isōþ | -isōþ | -isōþ |
| 3rd plural | -isōnþi | -isōn | -isōnþau |
Present passive
| Person | Indicative | Subjunctive |
|---|---|---|
| 1st singular | -isōi | – |
| 2nd singular | -isōsai | -isōsau |
| 3rd singular | -isōþai | -isōþau |
| 1st dual | – | – |
| 2nd dual | – | – |
| 1st plural | -isōnþai | -isōnþau |
| 2nd plural | -isōnþai | -isōnþau |
| 3rd plural | -isōnþai | -isōnþau |
Past
| Person | Indicative | Subjunctive |
|---|---|---|
| 1st singular | -isōdǭ | -isōdēdį̄ |
| 2nd singular | -isōdēz | -isōdēdīz |
| 3rd singular | -isōdē | -isōdēdī |
| 1st dual | -isōdēdū | -isōdēdīw |
| 2nd dual | -isōdēdudiz | -isōdēdīdiz |
| 1st plural | -isōdēdum | -isōdēdīm |
| 2nd plural | -isōdēdud | -isōdēdīd |
| 3rd plural | -isōdēdun | -isōdēdīn |
Non-finite Forms
| Infinitive | Present Participle | Past Participle |
|---|---|---|
| -isōną | -isōndz | -isōdaz |
Descendants
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*-isōn (Proto-West Germanic)
-
-son (Old Dutch)
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-sen (Middle Low German)
- -zen (Dutch)
-
-sen (Middle Low German)
-
-son (Old Dutch)
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*-isōn (Proto-West Germanic)
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-sian (Old English)
-
-sen (Middle English)
- -se, -ce (English)
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-sen (Middle English)
-
-sian (Old English)
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*-isōn (Proto-West Germanic)
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-sia, -zia (Old Frisian)
- -zgje (West Frisian)
-
-sia, -zia (Old Frisian)
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*-isōn (Proto-West Germanic)
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-isōn (Old High German)
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-esen, -sen (Middle High German)
- -sen (German)
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-esen, -sen (Middle High German)
-
-isōn (Old High German)
-
*-isōn (Proto-West Germanic)
-
-isōn (Old Saxon)
- -sen (Middle Low German)
-
-isōn (Old Saxon)
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-sa (Old Norse)
- -sa (Icelandic)
- -sa (Faroese)
- -se (Norwegian)
- -sa (Swedish)
- -se (Danish)
- -𐌹𐍃𐍉𐌽 (-isōn) (Gothic)