*kaizwijaną

Runic: ᚲᚨᛁᛉᚹᛁᛃᚨᚾᚨ Pronunciation: /ˈkɑi̯z.wi.jɑ.nɑ̃/

verb · Weak class 1

Meanings

to turn
to direct

Etymology

Uncertain, as the variations between *kaiz- and *kar- cannot be explained as being inherited from Proto-Indo-European. Pokorny compares Old Armenian կքեմ (kkʻem, ‘to bow, bend’) and Russian жи́хать (žíxatʹ, ‘to bend’), from Proto-Indo-European *ger- (‘to bend, turn’), but this is purely speculative. Kroonen instead derives the verb from a Proto-Indo-European *geys- (‘to turn, become’), and compares Hittite [script needed] (kīša(ri) ~ kišanta(ri), ‘to happen, occur, become’).

Conjugation

Present active

Person	Indicative	Subjunctive	Imperative
1st singular	kaizwijō	kaizwijaų	–
2nd singular	kaizwīsi	kaizwijais	kaizwī
3rd singular	kaizwīþi	kaizwijai	kaizwijaþau
1st dual	kaizwijōs	kaizwijaiw	–
2nd dual	kaizwijaþiz	kaizwijaiþiz	kaizwijaþiz
1st plural	kaizwijamaz	kaizwijaim	–
2nd plural	kaizwīþ	kaizwijaiþ	kaizwīþ
3rd plural	kaizwijanþi	kaizwijain	kaizwijanþau

Present passive

Person	Indicative	Subjunctive
1st singular	kaizwijai	–
2nd singular	kaizwijasai	kaizwijaisau
3rd singular	kaizwijaþai	kaizwijaiþau
1st dual	–	–
2nd dual	–	–
1st plural	kaizwijanþai	kaizwijainþau
2nd plural	kaizwijanþai	kaizwijainþau
3rd plural	kaizwijanþai	kaizwijainþau

Past

Person	Indicative	Subjunctive
1st singular	kaizwidǭ	kaizwidēdį̄
2nd singular	kaizwidēz	kaizwidēdīz
3rd singular	kaizwidē	kaizwidēdī
1st dual	kaizwidēdū	kaizwidēdīw
2nd dual	kaizwidēdudiz	kaizwidēdīdiz
1st plural	kaizwidēdum	kaizwidēdīm
2nd plural	kaizwidēdud	kaizwidēdīd
3rd plural	kaizwidēdun	kaizwidēdīn

Non-finite Forms

Infinitive	Present Participle	Past Participle
kaizwijaną	kaizwijandz	kaizwidaz

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Descendants

*kaiʀwijan (Proto-West Germanic)
- *kēren (Old Dutch)
  - kêren (Middle Dutch)
    - keren (Dutch)
*kaiʀwijan (Proto-West Germanic)
- cierran (Old English)
  - cherren, charren, charen (Middle English)
    - char, chare (English)
    - char, chare (Scots)
*kaiʀwijan (Proto-West Germanic)
- keren (Old High German)
  - keren (Middle High German)
    - kehren (German)
*kaiʀwijan (Proto-West Germanic)
- kērian (Old Saxon)
  - kēren (Middle Low German)
    - keren (Low German)
keyra (Old Norse)
- tjyöra (Elfdalian)
- koyra (Faroese)
- kåire (Gutnish)
- keyra (Icelandic)
- køra (Scanian)
keyra (Old Norse)
- cairen, kayren (Middle English)
  - cair (English)
keyra (Old Norse)
- ? (Norwegian)
  - kjøre (Norwegian Bokmål)
  - køyre (Norwegian Nynorsk)
keyra (Old Norse)
- kø̄ræ (Old Danish)
  - køre (Danish)
keyra (Old Norse)
- kø̄ra (Old Swedish)
  - köra (Swedish)

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