*-naną
Runic: ᚾᚨᚾᚨ Pronunciation: /nɑ.nɑ̃/suffix · forms verbs · Weak class 4
Function
forms intransitive fientive or inchoative verbs, usually with the sense ‘to become X, come into the state X’; often deadjectival or deverbal
Etymology
From Early Proto-Germanic *-nō- ~ *-na- + *-ną (infinitive suffix), ultimately from Proto-Indo-European *-néh₂- ~ *-n̥h₂-, the nasal-present suffix that arose by reanalysis of nasal-infixed presents to laryngeal-final roots. The suffix formed chiefly fientive or inchoative intransitives in PGmc, often from zero-grade verbal bases or adjectives (Ringe 2017: 201–203). Cognate or closely parallel formations include -णा- / -ण- (-nā-/-nī-), Old Irish -na-, Baltic -in-/-ina-, and Proto-Slavic *-nǫti.
Note
This suffix was preserved as a separate class only in Gothic. In Old High German, it mostly merged with the third weak class, while in the other descendants it merged with the second weak class.
Paradigm
Present active
| Person | Indicative | Subjunctive | Imperative |
|---|---|---|---|
| 1st singular | -nō | -naų | – |
| 2nd singular | -nōsi | -nais | -nō |
| 3rd singular | -nōþi | -nai | -nōþau |
| 1st dual | -nōs | -naiw | – |
| 2nd dual | -naþiz | -naiþiz | -naþiz |
| 1st plural | -namaz | -naim | – |
| 2nd plural | -naþ | -naiþ | -naþ |
| 3rd plural | -nanþi | -nain | -nanþau |
Present passive
| Person | Indicative | Subjunctive |
|---|---|---|
| 1st singular | -nōdǭ | -nōdēdį̄ |
| 2nd singular | -nōdēz | -nōdēdīz |
| 3rd singular | -nōdē | -nōdēdī |
| 1st dual | -nōdēdū | -nōdēdīw |
| 2nd dual | -nōdēdudiz | -nōdēdīdiz |
| 1st plural | -nōdēdum | -nōdēdīm |
| 2nd plural | -nōdēdud | -nōdēdīd |
| 3rd plural | -nōdēdun | -nōdēdīn |
Past
| Person | Indicative | Subjunctive |
|---|---|---|
| 1st singular | -nōdǭ | -nōdēdį̄ |
| 2nd singular | -nōdēz | -nōdēdīz |
| 3rd singular | -nōdē | -nōdēdī |
| 1st dual | -nōdēdū | -nōdēdīw |
| 2nd dual | -nōdēdudiz | -nōdēdīdiz |
| 1st plural | -nōdēdum | -nōdēdīm |
| 2nd plural | -nōdēdud | -nōdēdīd |
| 3rd plural | -nōdēdun | -nōdēdīn |
Non-finite Forms
| Infinitive | Present Participle | Past Participle |
|---|---|---|
| -naną | -nandz | - |
Descendants
-
*-nan (Proto-West Germanic)
-
-nian (Old English)
-
-nen, -enen (Middle English)
- -en (English)
- -in (Scots)
-
-nen, -enen (Middle English)
-
-nian (Old English)
-
*-nan (Proto-West Germanic)
- -nēn (Old High German)
-
-na (Old Norse)
- -ne (Danish)
- -na (Faroese)
- -na (Icelandic)
- -na (Swedish)
-
-na (Old Norse)
- -ne (Norwegian Bokmål)
- -na (Norwegian Nynorsk)
- -𐌽𐌰𐌽 (-nan) (Gothic)