*skapjaną
Runic: ᛊᚲᚨᛈᛃᚨᚾᚨ Pronunciation: /ˈskɑp.jɑ.nɑ̃/verb · Weak class 1
Meanings
- to make, to create
- to shape
Etymology
Of uncertain origin; the mechanical reconstruction of a supposed Proto-Indo-European *(s)keb- yields no formal cognates, in addition to containing a final *-b. Kroonen tentatively supports Lehmann's suggestion of derivation from *skappōną (‘to scrape’), itself the iterative form of *skabaną (‘to shave, scrape’). The semantic shift from "to scrape, hollow out" > "to form" is reasonable, albeit not very trivial. Compare also Gothic 𐌿𐍆𐌰𐍂𐍃𐌺𐌰𐍆𐍄𐍃 (ufarskafts, ‘first fruits’), which appears to be a derivative of *skapjaną.
Conjugation
Present active
| Person | Indicative | Subjunctive | Imperative |
|---|---|---|---|
| 1st singular | skapjō | skapjaų | – |
| 2nd singular | skapisi | skapjais | skapi |
| 3rd singular | skapiþi | skapjai | skapjaþau |
| 1st dual | skapjōs | skapjaiw | – |
| 2nd dual | skapjaþiz | skapjaiþiz | skapjaþiz |
| 1st plural | skapjamaz | skapjaim | – |
| 2nd plural | skapiþ | skapjaiþ | skapiþ |
| 3rd plural | skapjanþi | skapjain | skapjanþau |
Present passive
| Person | Indicative | Subjunctive |
|---|---|---|
| 1st singular | skapjai | – |
| 2nd singular | skapjasai | skapjaisau |
| 3rd singular | skapjaþai | skapjaiþau |
| 1st dual | – | – |
| 2nd dual | – | – |
| 1st plural | skapjanþai | skapjainþau |
| 2nd plural | skapjanþai | skapjainþau |
| 3rd plural | skapjanþai | skapjainþau |
Past
| Person | Indicative | Subjunctive |
|---|---|---|
| 1st singular | skōp | skōpį̄ |
| 2nd singular | skōft | skōpīz |
| 3rd singular | skōp | skōpī |
| 1st dual | skōpū | skōpīw |
| 2nd dual | skōpudiz | skōpīdiz |
| 1st plural | skōpum | skōpīm |
| 2nd plural | skōpud | skōpīd |
| 3rd plural | skōpun | skōpīn |
Non-finite Forms
| Infinitive | Present Participle | Past Participle |
|---|---|---|
| skapjaną | skapjandz | skapanaz |
Descendants
-
*skappjan (Proto-West Germanic)
-
skeppen (Old Dutch)
-
scheppen (Middle Dutch)
- sjape (Limburgish)
-
scheppen (Middle Dutch)
-
skeppen (Old Dutch)
-
*skappjan (Proto-West Germanic)
-
skeppen (Old Dutch)
-
scheppen (Middle Dutch)
-
scheppen (Dutch)
- skep (Afrikaans)
-
scheppen (Dutch)
-
scheppen (Middle Dutch)
-
skeppen (Old Dutch)
-
*skappjan (Proto-West Germanic)
-
sċieppan, sċippan, sċyppan, sċeppan (Old English)
-
scheppen, schippen, schappen, schapen (Middle English)
- shape (English)
- schape, schaipe (Scots)
-
scheppen, schippen, schappen, schapen (Middle English)
-
sċieppan, sċippan, sċyppan, sċeppan (Old English)
-
*skappjan (Proto-West Germanic)
-
skeppa (Old Frisian)
- skäppe, schäppe (Saterland Frisian)
- skeppe (West Frisian)
-
skeppa (Old Frisian)
-
*skappjan (Proto-West Germanic)
-
skephen (Old High German)
-
schepfen (Middle High German)
- schöpfen (German)
-
schepfen (Middle High German)
-
skephen (Old High German)
-
*skappjan (Proto-West Germanic)
-
skephen (Old High German)
-
*scaffan, scafan, scaffen (Old High German)
-
schaffen (Middle High German)
- schaffen (German)
- schafen (Luxembourgish)
-
schaffen (Middle High German)
-
*scaffan, scafan, scaffen (Old High German)
-
skephen (Old High German)
-
*skappjan (Proto-West Germanic)
-
skephen (Old High German)
-
*scaffan, scafan, scaffen (Old High German)
-
schaffen (Middle High German)
-
schaffe (Alemannic German)
- schaffa (Swabian)
-
schaffe (Alemannic German)
-
schaffen (Middle High German)
-
*scaffan, scafan, scaffen (Old High German)
-
skephen (Old High German)
-
*skappjan (Proto-West Germanic)
-
skeppian (Old Saxon)
-
scheppen (Middle Low German)
- schapen (Low German)
-
scheppen (Middle Low German)
-
skeppian (Old Saxon)
- skapa (Old Norse)
- skepja (Old Norse)
-
? (Old Norse)
- skapa (Faroese)
- skapa, skepja (Icelandic)
- skape (Norwegian Bokmål)
- skape, skapa (Norwegian Nynorsk)
-
? (Old Norse)
-
skapæ (Old Danish)
- skabe (Danish)
-
skapæ (Old Danish)
-
? (Old Norse)
-
skapa (Old Swedish)
- skapa (Swedish)
-
skapa (Old Swedish)
- 𐌲𐌰𐍃𐌺𐌰𐍀𐌾𐌰𐌽 (gaskapjan) (Gothic)
- *skapjan (Vandalic)
- scapia (Vandalic)