*-ōdaz
Runic: ᛟᛞᚨᛉ Pronunciation: /ɔː.ðɑz/suffix · forms adjectives · a-stem
Function
forms denominal adjectives meaning ‘having, provided with, characterized by X’, comparable to English “-ed” in bearded, horned, ringed
Etymology
From Proto-Indo-European *-eh₂-to-s *-eh₂-tó-s, a denominal adjectival complex consisting of the *-eh₂- (creates collective and abstract nouns) + *-tó- (adjectival/participial suffix), with the sense ‘provided with X’ (Ringe 2017: 326). Ringe treats the Germanic formations as inherited “pseudo-participles”. The variant *-ōdijaz represents a secondary extension of *-ōdaz (Krahe & Meid 1969: 143, 149; Ringe 2017: 326). The suffix was not originally a past participle, though it became formally indistinguishable from one, since Weak class 2 past participles likewise had *-ō- + *-daz. As a result, some formations could be reinterpreted as participial. Cognates include Latin -ātus and Proto-Slavic *-atъ.
Paradigm
Strong declension
| Case | Sg. Masc. | Sg. Fem. | Sg. Neut. | Pl. Masc. | Pl. Fem. | Pl. Neut. |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Nom. | -ōdaz | -ōdō | -ōdą, -atō | -ōdai | -ōdôz | -ōdō |
| Acc. | -ōdanǭ | -ōdǭ | -ōdą, -atō | -ōdanz | -ōdōz | -ōdō |
| Gen. | -ōdas, -is | -ōdaizōz | -ōdas, -is | -ōdaizǫ̂ | -ōdaizǫ̂ | -ōdaizǫ̂ |
| Dat. | -ōdammai | -ōdaizōi | -ōdammai | -ōdaimaz | -ōdaimaz | -ōdaimaz |
| Inst. | -ōdanō | -ōdaizō | -ōdanō | -ōdaimiz | -ōdaimiz | -ōdaimiz |
Weak declension
| Case | Sg. Masc. | Sg. Fem. | Sg. Neut. | Pl. Masc. | Pl. Fem. | Pl. Neut. |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Nom. | -ōdô | -ōdǭ | -ōdô | -ōdaniz | -ōdōniz | -ōdōnō |
| Acc. | -ōdanų | -ōdōnų | -ōdô | -ōdanunz | -ōdōnunz | -ōdōnō |
| Gen. | -ōdiniz | -ōdōniz | -ōdiniz | -ōdanǫ̂ | -ōdōnǫ̂ | -ōdanǫ̂ |
| Dat. | -ōdini | -ōdōni | -ōdini | -ōdammaz | -ōdōmaz | -ōdammaz |
| Inst. | -ōdinē | -ōdōnē | -ōdinē | -ōdammiz | -ōdōmiz | -ōdammiz |
Descendants
-
*-ōd,*-ōdī (Proto-West Germanic)
-
*-od, *-odi, *-ot (Old Dutch)
-
-de, ge- -t (Middle Dutch)
- -de, ge- -d (Dutch)
-
-de, ge- -t (Middle Dutch)
-
*-od, *-odi, *-ot (Old Dutch)
-
*-ōd,*-ōdī (Proto-West Germanic)
-
-od (Old English)
-
-ed (Middle English)
- -ed (English)
- -it (Scots)
-
-ed (Middle English)
-
-od (Old English)
-
*-ōd,*-ōdī (Proto-West Germanic)
-
-ad (Old Frisian)
- -ed (Saterland Frisian)
-
-ad (Old Frisian)
-
*-ōd,*-ōdī (Proto-West Germanic)
-
gi- -ōt (Old High German)
- ge- -t, -t (German)
-
gi- -ōt (Old High German)
-
*-ōd,*-ōdī (Proto-West Germanic)
-
-ōdī (Old Saxon)
- -et, -te (Middle High German)
-
-ōdī (Old Saxon)
-
*-ᛟᚦᚢᛉ (*-oþuʀ) (Proto-Norse)
-
-aðr, -ða -uðr (Old Norse)
- -et (Danish)
- -aður (Faroese)
- -aður, -ða, -uður (Icelandic)
- -ete (Norwegian Bokmål)
- -ete (Norwegian Nynorsk)
- -d, -t (Swedish)
-
-aðr, -ða -uðr (Old Norse)
- -𐍉𐌸𐍃 (-ōþs) (Gothic)