*aljaz
Runic: ᚨᛚᛃᚨᛉ Pronunciation: /ˈɑl.jɑz/determiner · ja-stem
Meanings
other, another, else
Etymology
From Proto-Indo-European *ályos, with stem *alio-. Dunkel (2014: 21–27) analyzes *alio- without an initial laryngeal as a thematic derivative in -o- of locatival *al-i, from the local particle *al, originally approximately ‘(one) from elsewhere’; Ringe (2017: 89, 143, 155) likewise derives *aljaz directly from *ályos. Traditionally reconstructed as *h₂élyos (Beekes 2010: 73; de Vaan 2008: 34; Kroonen 2013: 23), though this would regularly yield Old Armenian **hayl rather than attested այլ (ayl) (Martirosyan 2010: 57–58). Cognate with Ancient Greek ἄλλος (állos), Latin alius, Old Irish aile, Tocharian B alyek, allek, and Tocharian A ālak (Beekes 2010: 73; de Vaan 2008: 34; Matasović 2009a: 31).
Declension
This determiner has a Strong declension only.
Declension
Strong declension
| Case | Sg. Masc. | Sg. Fem. | Sg. Neut. | Pl. Masc. | Pl. Fem. | Pl. Neut. |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Nom. | aljaz | aljō | alją, -at(ō) | aljai | aljôz | aljō |
| Acc. | aljanǭ | aljǭ | alją, -at(ō) | aljanz | aljōz | aljō |
| Gen. | aljas, alis | aljaizōz | aljas, alis | aljaizǫ̂ | aljaizǫ̂ | aljaizǫ̂ |
| Dat. | aljammai | aljaizōi | aljammai | aljaimaz | aljaimaz | aljaimaz |
| Inst. | aljanō | aljaizō | aljanō | aljaimiz | aljaimiz | aljaimiz |
Weak declension
| Case | Sg. Masc. | Sg. Fem. | Sg. Neut. | Pl. Masc. | Pl. Fem. | Pl. Neut. |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Nom. | – | – | – | – | – | – |
| Acc. | – | – | – | – | – | – |
| Gen. | – | – | – | – | – | – |
| Dat. | – | – | – | – | – | – |
| Inst. | – | – | – | – | – | – |
Descendants
-
*alljas (Proto-West Germanic)
-
elles (Old Dutch)
- els (Middle Dutch)
-
elles (Old Dutch)
-
*alljas (Proto-West Germanic)
-
elles (Old English)
-
else (Middle English)
- else (English)
-
else (Middle English)
-
elles (Old English)
-
*alljas (Proto-West Germanic)
- elles, ellis (Old Frisian)
- elles, alles (Old High German)
-
*ᚨᛚᛃᚨᛉ (*aljaʀ), ᚨᛚᛃᚨ- (alja-) (Proto-Norse)
- ᚨᛚᛃᚨᛗᚨᚱᚲᛁᛉ (aljamarkiʀ) (Proto-Norse)
-
*ᚨᛚᛃᚨᛉ (*aljaʀ), ᚨᛚᛃᚨ- (alja-) (Proto-Norse)
-
ella, ellar (Old Norse)
- ella (Faroese)
- ellar, ella (Icelandic)
-
ella, ellar (Old Norse)
-
*ᚨᛚᛃᚨᛉ (*aljaʀ), ᚨᛚᛃᚨ- (alja-) (Proto-Norse)
-
ella, ellar (Old Norse)
-
eller (Danish)
-
eller (Norwegian Bokmål)
- ellers (Norwegian Bokmål)
-
eller (Norwegian Bokmål)
-
eller (Danish)
-
ella, ellar (Old Norse)
-
*ᚨᛚᛃᚨᛉ (*aljaʀ), ᚨᛚᛃᚨ- (alja-) (Proto-Norse)
-
ella, ellar (Old Norse)
-
ælle (Middle Norwegian)
-
eller, elder, eld’u, eld’e, elle (Norwegian Nynorsk)
- elles (Norwegian Nynorsk)
-
eller, elder, eld’u, eld’e, elle (Norwegian Nynorsk)
-
ælle (Middle Norwegian)
-
ella, ellar (Old Norse)
-
*ᚨᛚᛃᚨᛉ (*aljaʀ), ᚨᛚᛃᚨ- (alja-) (Proto-Norse)
-
ella, ellar (Old Norse)
-
ælla, ællar (Old Swedish)
- eller, eljest (Swedish)
-
ælla, ællar (Old Swedish)
-
ella, ellar (Old Norse)
- 𐌰𐌻𐌾𐌹𐍃 (aljis), 𐌰𐌻𐌾𐌰 (alja) (Gothic)