*-aną¹
Runic: ᚨᚾᚨ Pronunciation: /ɑ.nɑ̃/suffix · forms verbs
Function
forms infinitive of strong verbs
Etymology
Originally a verbal noun formation, from Proto-Indo-European *-o-no-m, from *-o- (thematic vowel) + *‑no‑m (neuter verbal noun suffix). Compare Sanskrit दान॑म् (dā́nam) and Latin donum from PIE *déh₃-no-m (Ringe 2017: 209). The few athematic verbs in Proto-Germanic used the suffix without the thematic vowel, *-ną (compare *beuną, *gāną). Cognate with Sanskrit -अन (-ana).
Conjugation
This suffix was no longer productive in Proto-Germanic. Strong verbs consist of four principal parts: the present stem (1), the past (preterite) indicative singular stem (2), the past (preterite) subjunctive and indicative plural stem (3), and the past participle (4). The seven strong verb classes differ in how their principal parts are formed.
Paradigm
Present active
| Person | Indicative | Subjunctive | Imperative |
|---|---|---|---|
| 1st singular | 1 -ō | 1 -aų | - |
| 2nd singular | 1 -izi | 1 -aiz | 1 - |
| 3rd singular | 1 -idi | 1 -ai | 1 -adau |
| 1st dual | 1 -ōz | 1 -aiw | - |
| 2nd dual | 1 -adiz | 1 -aidiz | 1 -adiz |
| 1st plural | 1 -amaz | 1 -aim | - |
| 2nd plural | 1 -id | 1 -aid | 1 -id |
| 3rd plural | 1 -andi | 1 -ain | 1 -andau |
Present passive
| Person | Indicative | Subjunctive |
|---|---|---|
| 1st singular | 1 -ai | - |
| 2nd singular | 1 -azai | 1 -aizau |
| 3rd singular | 1 -adai | 1 -aidau |
| 1st dual | - | - |
| 2nd dual | - | - |
| 1st plural | 1 -andai | 1 -aindau |
| 2nd plural | 1 -andai | 1 -aindau |
| 3rd plural | 1 -andai | 1 -aindau |
Past
| Person | Indicative | Subjunctive |
|---|---|---|
| 1st singular | 2 - | 3 -į̄ |
| 2nd singular | 2 -t | 3 -īz |
| 3rd singular | 2 - | 3 -ī |
| 1st dual | 3 -ū | 3 -īw |
| 2nd dual | 3 -udiz | 3 -īdiz |
| 1st plural | 3 -um | 3 -īm |
| 2nd plural | 3 -ud | 3 -īd |
| 3rd plural | 3 -un | 3 -īn |
Non-finite Forms
| Infinitive | Present Participle | Past Participle |
|---|---|---|
| -aną | 3 -andz | 4-anaz |
Descendants
-
*-an (Proto-West Germanic)
-
-an (Old Dutch)
-
-en (Middle Dutch)
- -en (Dutch)
-
-en (Middle Dutch)
-
-an (Old Dutch)
-
*-an (Proto-West Germanic)
-
-an (Old English)
-
-en (Middle English)
- -en (obsolete) (English)
- -en, -in (Middle Scots)
-
-en (Middle English)
-
-an (Old English)
-
*-an (Proto-West Germanic)
-
-a (Old Frisian)
- -e (North Frisian)
- -e (Saterland Frisian)
- -e (West Frisian)
-
-a (Old Frisian)
-
*-an (Proto-West Germanic)
-
-an (Old High German)
-
-en (Middle High German)
- -e (Alemannic German)
- -n (Bavarian)
- -e (Central Franconian)
- -en, -n (East Central German)
- -en (German)
- -en (Luxembourgish)
- -e (Rhine Franconian)
- ־ן (-n) (Yiddish)
-
-en (Middle High German)
-
-an (Old High German)
-
*-an (Proto-West Germanic)
-
-an (Old Saxon)
-
-en (Middle Low German)
- -en (Low German)
-
-en (Middle Low German)
-
-an (Old Saxon)
-
-a (Old Norse)
- -a (Faroese)
- -a (Icelandic)
- -a (Norwegian Nynorsk)
- -a (Swedish)
-
-a (Old Norse)
-
-e (Danish)
- -e (Norwegian Bokmål)
-
-e (Danish)
- -𐌰𐌽 (-an) (Gothic)