*arbiją

Runic: ᚨᚱᛒᛁᛃᚨ Pronunciation: /ˈɑr.βi.jɑ̃/

noun · neuter · ja-stem

Meanings

heritage, inheritance; patrimony

Etymology

From *h₃orbʰ-yo-m, a late or dialectal Indo-European formation shared by Celtic and Germanic, ultimately from root *h₃erbʰ-. The neuter *-yo- formation may originally have been a substantivized relational adjective, *h₃orbʰ-yo- > *h₃orbʰ-yo-m. Cognate with Proto-Celtic *orbyom > Old Irish orbae. The identical Celtic and Germanic formation is a Celto-Germanic morphological isogloss; shared dialectal Indo-European inheritance or innovation is possible, although early contact or borrowing cannot be excluded. Related through *h₃órbʰos to Ancient Greek ὀρφανός (orphanós), Latin orbus, and Armenian որբ (orb); compare Hittite 𒄯𒀊𒍣 (ḫar-ap-zi, /ḫarpzi/) (Holopainen 2025: 89–93; Kloekhorst 2008: 311–312; Kroonen 2013: s.v. arbja-; van Sluis et al. 2023: 198, 217; Weiss 2006: 257–61).

Declension

Case	Singular	Plural
Nom.	arbiją	arbijō
Acc.	arbiją	arbijō
Gen.	arbijas, arbīs	arbijǫ̂
Dat.	arbijai	arbijamaz
Inst.	arbijō	arbijamiz
Voc.	arbiją	arbijō

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Descendants

*arbī (Proto-West Germanic)
- ervi (Old Dutch)
  - erve (Middle Dutch)
    - erf (Dutch)
      - erf (Afrikaans)
*arbī (Proto-West Germanic)
- ierfe, yrfe, irfe, erfe, ærfe (Old English)
  - erve, erfe, erf, irve, yrfe (Middle English)
    - erf (English)
    - arff, airf (Scots)
*arbī (Proto-West Germanic)
- erve (Old Frisian)
  - Ierwe, Äärwe (Saterland Frisian)
*arbī (Proto-West Germanic)
- erbi (Old High German)
  - erbe (Middle High German)
    - Erbe (German)
    - Ierwen (Luxembourgish)
*arbī (Proto-West Germanic)
- ervi (Old Saxon)
  - Arf (Low German)
ᚨᚱᛒᛁᛃᚨ (arbija) (Proto-Norse)
- erfi (Old Norse)
  - ervi (Faroese)
  - erfi (Icelandic)
  - erve (Norwegian Nynorsk)
  - ærve (Old Swedish)
𐌰𐍂𐌱𐌹 (arbi) (Gothic)
*arpa (Proto-Finnic)
*ārpē (Proto-Samic)

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Meanings

Etymology

Declension

Descendants

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