*-ilaz¹

Runic: ᛁᛚᚨᛉ Pronunciation: /i.lɑz/

suffix · forms nouns · masculine · a-stem

Function

forms instrument nouns such as tools

Etymology

From earlier Proto-Germanic *-illaz, from pre-Germanic *-i-tló-s, a masculine thematic derivative of the Proto-Indo-European instrument suffix *-tlo-, originally added to the stem of ye-presents (with the *-i-being the residue of the ye-present suffix). In PGmc, *-tl-became *-dl-due to Verner’s Law and the *-d-was then assimilated, giving *-ll-; this geminate was later shortened in the unstressed suffix, giving productive *-ilaz (Kroonen 2017; Olsen 1988: 19–24). The suffix was then generalized within PGmc to form instrument nouns.

Paradigm

CaseSingularPlural
Nom.-ilaz-ilōz, -ilōs
Acc.-ilą-ilanz
Gen.-ilas, -ilis-ilǫ̂
Dat.-ilai-ilamaz
Inst.-ilō-ilamiz
Voc.-il-ilōz, -ilōs

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Descendants

  • *-il, *-ul (Proto-West Germanic)
    • -el (Dutch)
  • *-il, *-ul (Proto-West Germanic)
    • -el, -ol, -ul (Old English)
      • -el (Middle English)
        • -el, -le (English)
  • *-il, *-ul (Proto-West Germanic)
    • -el (West Frisian)
  • *-il, *-ul (Proto-West Germanic)
    • -il (Old High German)
      • -el (Middle High German)
        • -el (German)
  • *-il, *-ul (Proto-West Germanic)
    • -al, -il (Old Saxon)
      • -el (Middle Low German)
        • -el (Low German)
  • -ill, -all, -ull, -la (Old Norse)
    • -il (Faroese)
    • -ill, -all, -ull, -la (Icelandic)
  • -ill, -all, -ull, -la (Old Norse)
    • -il (Old Swedish)
      • -el (Swedish)

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