*-lōną
Runic: ᛚᛟᚾᚨ Pronunciation: /lɔː.nɑ̃/suffix · forms verbs · Weak class 2
Function
forms Weak class 2 verbs, often with iterative, frequentative, attenuative, or diminutive force; roughly ‘to do repeatedly, lightly, or in a characteristic manner’
Etymology
Probably abstracted within Proto-Germanic from denominal or deadjectival Weak class 2 verbs with the common -l- suffix seen in PGmc (e.g., forming adjectives, agent nouns, diminutive, and instrument nouns in *-ila- and its variants) (Krahe & Meid 1969: 263–64). Proto-Germanic had a number of verbal suffixes that were created by extracting an original stem-final consonant (in this case, *-l) and then attaching it to the beginning of Weak Class 2 verb suffix *-ōną (*-l + *-ōną > *-lōną). The same process was used to create verbal suffixes *-inōną and *-isōną. It may have been a Proto-Northwest Germanic innovation, since this suffix is not attested in Gothic.
Paradigm
Present active
| Person | Indicative | Subjunctive | Imperative |
|---|---|---|---|
| 1st singular | -lōdǭ | -lōdēdį̄ | – |
| 2nd singular | -lōdēz | -lōdēdīz | -lō |
| 3rd singular | -lōdē | -lōdēdī | -lōþau |
| 1st dual | -lōdēdū | -lōdēdīw | – |
| 2nd dual | -lōdēdudiz | -lōdēdīdiz | -lōþiz |
| 1st plural | -lōdēdum | -lōdēdīm | – |
| 2nd plural | -lōdēdud | -lōdēdīd | -lōþ |
| 3rd plural | -lōdēdun | -lōdēdīn | -lōnþau |
Present passive
| Person | Indicative | Subjunctive |
|---|---|---|
| 1st singular | -lōi | – |
| 2nd singular | -lōsai | -lōsau |
| 3rd singular | -lōþai | -lōþau |
| 1st dual | – | – |
| 2nd dual | – | – |
| 1st plural | -lōnþai | -lōnþau |
| 2nd plural | -lōnþai | -lōnþau |
| 3rd plural | -lōnþai | -lōnþau |
Past
| Person | Indicative | Subjunctive |
|---|---|---|
| 1st singular | -lōdǭ | -lōdēdį̄ |
| 2nd singular | -lōdēz | -lōdēdīz |
| 3rd singular | -lōdē | -lōdēdī |
| 1st dual | -lōdēdū | -lōdēdīw |
| 2nd dual | -lōdēdudiz | -lōdēdīdiz |
| 1st plural | -lōdēdum | -lōdēdīm |
| 2nd plural | -lōdēdud | -lōdēdīd |
| 3rd plural | -lōdēdun | -lōdēdīn |
Non-finite Forms
| Infinitive | Present Participle | Past Participle |
|---|---|---|
| -lōną | -lōndz | -lōdaz |
Descendants
-
-lon (Old Dutch)
-
-elen (Middle Dutch)
- -elen (Dutch)
-
-elen (Middle Dutch)
-
-lian (Old English)
-
-lien, -len, -elen (Middle English)
- -le (English)
-
-lien, -len, -elen (Middle English)
-
-lia (Old Frisian)
- -je (North Frisian)
- -ele, -elje (Saterland Frisian)
- -je (West Frisian)
-
-lōn (Old High German)
-
-eln (Middle High German)
- -eln (German)
-
-eln (Middle High German)
-
-lōn (Old Saxon)
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-len, -eln (Middle Low German)
- -eln (Low German)
-
-len, -eln (Middle Low German)
-
-la (Old Norse)
- -le (Danish)
- -la (Faroese)
- -la (Icelandic)
- -la (Swedish)
-
-la (Old Norse)
- -le (Norwegian Bokmål)
- -la (Norwegian Nynorsk)