*-inōną
Runic: ᛁᚾᛟᚾᚨ Pronunciation: /i.nɔː.nɑ̃/suffix · forms verbs · Weak class 2
Function
forms Weak class 2 denominative verbs from nouns denoting persons, professions, offices, or social roles, with the meaning ‘to be X, serve as X, act as X; perform the office or function of X’
Etymology
From Proto-Germanic *-in- + *-ōną. The first element is from an Indo-European n-stem, which frequently formed individualizing or appurtenance-denoting nouns, including nouns for persons and offices. The second element is the regular Weak class 2 denominative verb suffix, ultimately continuing pre-Germanic *-eh₂-yé/ó- from nominal bases in *-eh₂ (Ringe 2017: 200). The suffix is a secondary PGmc resegmentation: verbs of the type *X-in-ōną, originally formed to n-stems, were later reanalyzed as *X- + *-inōną. This is development is similar to Proto-Germanic *-isōną, which was similarly extracted from Weak class 2 verbs based on nouns ending in *-is-. This new form was later extended to bases that were not historical n-stems, as in *lēkinōną, from *lēkijaz, a ja-stem noun (Krahe & Meid 1969: 255–56; Scheungraber 2010: 145).
Paradigm
Present active
| Person | Indicative | Subjunctive | Imperative |
|---|---|---|---|
| 1st singular | -inō | -inǭ | - |
| 2nd singular | -inōsi | -inōs | -inō |
| 3rd singular | -inōþi | -inō | -inōþau |
| 1st dual | -inōs | -inōw | - |
| 2nd dual | -inōþiz | -inōþiz | -inōþiz |
| 1st plural | -inōmaz | -inōm | - |
| 2nd plural | -inōþ | -inōþ | -inōþ |
| 3rd plural | -inōnþi | -inōn | -inōnþau |
Present passive
| Person | Indicative | Subjunctive |
|---|---|---|
| 1st singular | -inōi | - |
| 2nd singular | -inōsai | -inōsau |
| 3rd singular | -inōþai | -inōþau |
| 1st dual | - | - |
| 2nd dual | - | - |
| 1st plural | -inōnþai | -inōnþau |
| 2nd plural | -inōnþai | -inōnþau |
| 3rd plural | -inōnþai | -inōnþau |
Past
| Person | Indicative | Subjunctive |
|---|---|---|
| 1st singular | -inōdǭ | -inōdēdį̄ |
| 2nd singular | -inōdēz | -inōdēdīz |
| 3rd singular | -inōdē | -inōdēdī |
| 1st dual | -inōdēdū | -inōdēdīw |
| 2nd dual | -inōdēdudiz | -inōdēdīdiz |
| 1st plural | -inōdēdum | -inōdēdīm |
| 2nd plural | -inōdēdud | -inōdēdīd |
| 3rd plural | -inōdēdun | -inōdēdīn |
Non-finite Forms
| Infinitive | Present Participle | Past Participle |
|---|---|---|
| -inōną | -inōndz | -inōdaz |
Descendants
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*-inōn (Proto-West Germanic)
-
*inon (Old Dutch)
- -enen (Middle Dutch)
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*inon (Old Dutch)
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*-inōn (Proto-West Germanic)
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-nian (Old English)
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-nien, -enien, -nen, -enen (Middle English)
- -en (English)
- -in, -en (Scots)
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-nien, -enien, -nen, -enen (Middle English)
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-nian (Old English)
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*-inōn (Proto-West Germanic)
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-nia (Old Frisian)
- -enje (Saterland Frisian)
- -enje (West Frisian)
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-nia (Old Frisian)
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*-inōn (Proto-West Germanic)
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-inōn, -anōn (Old High German)
- -enen, -nen (Middle High German)
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-inōn, -anōn (Old High German)
-
*-inōn (Proto-West Germanic)
-
*inōn, -nōn (Old Saxon)
- -enen (Middle Low German)
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*inōn, -nōn (Old Saxon)
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-na (Old Norse)
- -ne (Danish)
- -na (Icelandic)
- -ne (Norwegian Bokmål)
- -ne (Norwegian Nynorsk)
- -na (Swedish)
- -𐌹𐌽𐍉𐌽 (-inōn) (Gothic)