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*plaggą
noun · neuter · a-stem · /ˈplɑɡ.ɡɑ̃/
a piece of cloth or fabric
“…Unknown. Perhaps a borrowing from an unknown pre-Germanic, but possibly Indo-European, substrate language in which the p has not yet undergone Grimm's law, and distantly related to *flahaną (‘to flay, skin’) or *……”
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*eburaz
noun · masculine · a-stem · /ˈe.βu.rɑz/
boar
“…Probably a substrate loan or European Wanderwort. Traditionally compared with Latin aper (‘wild boar’) from Proto-Italic *apros (‘wild b……”
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*drabaz
noun · neuter · z-stem · /ˈdrɑ.βɑz/
dregs
“……‘sediment’) and possibly related to Ancient Greek τρέφω (tréphō, ‘to thicken, curdle’). Or possibly from a non-Indo-European substrate.…”
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*artǭ
noun · feminine · ōn-stem · /ˈɑr.tɔ̃ː/
a waterside bird, perhaps a wagtail or a small duck such as a teal or garganey
“…Uncertain; probably a European substrate bird name rather than a securely inherited Proto-Indo-European formation. The Germanic evidence does not permit a p……”
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*basją
noun · neuter · ja-stem · /ˈbɑs.jɑ̃/
berry; a small fruit, of any one of many varieties
“…Uncertain; perhaps from a pre-Indo-European substrate word. Otherwise, outside of Proto-Germanic, it may be related to Proto-Indo-European *bʰeh₂- (‘to shine, glisten’)……”
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*swammaz
noun · masculine · a-stem · /ˈswɑm.mɑz/
sponge
“……an origin given its lack of the expected shift *s- > *h- (but see σῦς (sûs) for a possible exception). Likely ultimately of substrate or wanderwort origin. Such a substrate word may speculatively be related to the substrate sources of similar words i……”
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*aiks
noun · feminine · consonant stem · /ˈɑi̯ks/
oak tree
“……ωψ and possibly Latin aesculus, but de Vaan Vaan 2008 maintains that the suffix in Latin is not clear and that it may have a substrate origin. Recent research on Greek αἰγίλωψ derives its plant senses internally from αἴξ→ αἴγῐλος → αἰγίλωψ, thus it i……”
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*būkaz
noun · masculine · a-stem · /ˈbuː.kɑz/
belly, abdomen
“……e’), however, the existence of this root is in doubt. The word has no secure cognates outside Proto-Germanic; a pre-Germanic substrate origin or an expressive formation cannot be excluded.…”
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*pūkô
noun · masculine · an-stem · /ˈpuː.kɔːː/
hunchback, goblin, spook
“……e s-mobile (after Grimm's law), but this still suffers other phonetic problems as well as probably semantic ones. Perhaps of substrate origin, or imitative like English boo.…”
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*magô
noun · masculine · an-stem · /ˈmɑ.ɣɔːː/
stomach
“……to-Indo-European *mak- (‘small bag, bellows, belly’) (alternatively reconstructed as *maks-), which appears to be a European substrate term borrowed into multiple Indo-European branches. Compare Lithuanian mãkas (‘purse, wallet, scrotum’), Proto-Slav……”
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*sagjaz
noun · masculine · ja-stem · /ˈsɑɣ.jɑz/
sedge
“……l sense of "sharp grass" (note Old English seċġ (‘sword’)), or from a Proto-Indo-European *sak- (‘marsh plant’) of potential substrate origin (compare Welsh hesg (‘sedge, rushes’)), though the latter comparanda have been considered as derived from th……”
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*spiltaz
noun · masculine · a-stem · /ˈspil.tɑz/
spelt (a type of wheat)
“……ge (usually of spelt)’). Possibly from Proto-Indo-European *(s)pelH- (‘to split off, separate’), or borrowed from an unknown substrate by Germanic and Latin.…”
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*stinganą
verb · Strong class 3 · /ˈstiŋ.ɡɑ.nɑ̃/
to stick out; protrude
“……be stiff, sting; rod, blade’), and compared with Ancient Greek στᾰ́χῡς (stắkhūs, ‘ear of grain’) (< *stngʰ-u-s). However, a substrate origin for the Greek is quite possible, based on the variant ἄστᾰχῠς (ástăkhŭs, ‘ear of corn; bandage’), which woul……”
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*dragjō
noun · feminine · ō-stem · /ˈdrɑɣ.jɔː/
dregs, sediment
“…From Proto-Indo-European *dʰragʰ-yéh, from *dʰrā́ks (‘dregs, sediment’), possibly from a substrate language. Cognate with Proto-Balto-Slavic dragjāˀ (‘dregs, sediment’), Albanian dra (‘sediment, dregs; smudged butt……”
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*kubô
noun · masculine · an-stem · /ˈku.βɔːː/
shed, hut; originally "wattle shed"
“…Uncertain, apparently with a pre-form *gubʰ-on-. Close to Ancient Greek γῡ́πη (gū́pē, ‘den, hole’), possibly sharing a substrate origin, but Kroonen finds it hard to reconcile the vowels, and expresses skepticism at other theories linking the G……”
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*pakkô
noun · masculine · an-stem · /ˈpɑk.kɔːː/
bundle; pack; package
“…Unknown. Likely from a pre-Germanic substrate language, due to phonetic irregularities between the root's relatives in other languages, as well as its restrictio……”
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*baunō
noun · feminine · ō-stem · /ˈbɑu̯.nɔː/
bean
“……from earlier *babnō, from Proto-Indo-European *bʰabʰ- (‘bean’), however this is disputed. Likely a borrowing from a European substrate; compare Proto-Italic *fabā (‘bean’), Proto-Slavic *bobъ (‘bean, fava bean’), Ancient Greek φακός (phakós, ‘lentil……”
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*fastuz
adjective · u-stem · /ˈɸɑs.tuz/
fixed, firm, secure
“……h₂- (‘to stand’), though with unexplained loss of the *-ǵ-. Martirosyan 2010 regards the set as a possible non-Indo-European substrate word, but Nielsen 2023 argues that the substrate analysis is weak, and that the Armenian term may reflect an inheri……”
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*drastaz
noun · neuter · z-stem · /ˈdrɑs.tɑz/
dregs, lees
“…From earlier *drahstaz, from Proto-Indo-European *dʰragʰs-tó-s, from *dʰrā́ks (‘dregs, sediment’), possibly from a substrate language. Cognate with Proto-Balto-Slavic dragjāˀ (‘dregs, sediment’), Albanian dra (‘sediment, dregs; smudged butt……”
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*arhwō
noun · feminine · ō-stem · /ˈɑr.xʷɔː/
arrow
“…Probably ultimately from a European non-Indo-European substrate word-family. Kroonen Kroonen 2013 tentatively derives the Northwest Germanic forms from pre-Germanic *h₂érk-uh₂, ~……”
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*liþuz
noun · masculine · u-stem · /ˈli.θuz/
a bend
“……t is likely a loanword from Etruscan. Given the variety of forms, which are difficult to reconcile as inherited, origin in a substrate language is possible.…”
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*smēhaz
adjective · a-stem · /ˈsmɛː.xɑz/
small; little
“……*(s)mēyg- (‘small, thin, delicate; to rub, smear’), is phonetically untenable, and the Greek is thought to be derived from a substrate, rendering the Germanic formation isolated.…”
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*alhs
noun · masculine · consonant stem · /ˈɑlxs/
temple, sanctuary; sacred enclosure or place
“……un inflection in Germanic, he suggests that it may have been borrowed independently into both branches from a local European substrate. Ringe Ringe 2017 likewise avoids assigning the noun itself directly to PIE, deriving Proto-Germanic *alh- from *po……”
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*wahsą
noun · neuter · a-stem · /ˈwɑx.sɑ̃/
wax
“……’) (though the semantic link appears tenuous). The Germanic and Balto-Slavic terms could instead be from a pre-Indo-European substrate.…”
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*managaz
adjective · a-stem · /ˈmɑ.nɑ.ɣɑz/
many
“…Likely from a substrate language of northwestern Europe. Proto-Celtic *menekkis (‘frequent’), Proto-Slavic *mъnogъ (‘many’), Proto-Finno-Pe……”