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*brūdiz
noun · feminine · i-stem · /ˈbruː.ðiz/
bride
“…Unknown. Possibly from a pre-Germanic substrate giving *bʰruH- or *bʰrūdʰ-, formulated as an i-stem. Kroonen 2013 notes the similar suffix in *magaþs/*magaþiz (‘gi……”
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*haslaz
noun · masculine · a-stem · /ˈxɑs.lɑz/
hazel
“…From areal Proto-Indo-European *kóslos, which may be of substrate or Wanderwort origin.…”
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*kidją
noun · neuter · ja-stem · /ˈkid.jɑ̃/
a goatling, kid
“…Unknown; probably from a substrate language. Compare *gaits, which is likely from the same source.…”
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*plakjō
noun · feminine · ō-stem · /ˈplɑk.jɔː/
spot, stain
“…Unknown. Perhaps of non-Indo-European substrate origin due to the rarity of Indo-European *b > Germanic *p.…”
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*hartą
noun · neuter · a-stem · /ˈxɑr.tɑ̃/
resin, pitch
“…Unknown. Theories include derivation from Proto-Indo-European *ḱerd- (‘heart’) or substrate origin (possibly related with Ancient Greek κηρός (kērós)).…”
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*paidō
noun · feminine · ō-stem · /ˈpɑi̯.ðɔː/
cloak
“…Unknown; likely borrowed from a substrate language, compare Ancient Greek βαίτη (baítē, ‘shepherd's cloak’), and perhaps Albanian petk (‘gown’).…”
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*wurzô
noun · masculine · an-stem · /ˈwur.zɔːː/
grouse
“…Uncertain; possibly from or related to Proto-Indo-European *wérsēn (‘virile man; male animal’), or perhaps from a lost substrate.…”
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*laiwaz
noun · neuter · z-stem · /ˈlɑi̯.wɑz/
lark
“…According to Kuiper, from a European substratum (substrate) word, possibly a Celto-Germanic root shared with Gaulish *alawda (‘skylark’); compare Latin alauda (‘lark’).…”
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*sukkaz
noun · masculine · a-stem · /ˈsuk.kɑz/
light footwear
“…From Latin soccus, from Ancient Greek σύκχος (súkkhos, ‘a kind of shoe’), probably from Phrygian, Anatolian, or another substrate language from Asia Minor.…”
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*samdaz
noun · masculine · a-stem · /ˈsɑm.dɑz/
sand
“…From Proto-Indo-European *sámh₂dʰos (‘sand’), likely borrowed from a Western European substrate. Cognate with Ancient Greek ψᾰ́μμος (psắmmos), ἄμαθος (ámathos, ‘sand’), Latin sabulum (‘coarse sand, gravel’).…”
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*bruskaz
noun · masculine · a-stem · /ˈbrus.kɑz/
scrub, undergrowth, underbrush
“……s- (‘to roar, roil, rustle, sprout’), with possible cognate in brùzgas (‘underbrush’, see Torp et al. 1909). Possibly from a substrate.…”
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*magaþs
noun · feminine · consonant stem · /ˈmɑ.ɣɑθs/
maiden, girl
“…From pre-Germanic *magʰ-ot-(i-), a feminine derivative of *maguz (‘boy’), but this pair of words is likely of foreign or substrate origin. Compare *brūdiz (‘bride’) for the suffix.…”
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*sturjô
noun · masculine · an-stem · /ˈstur.jɔːː/
sturgeon
“…Possibly from a non-IE substrate doublet *asetr-, *str-. Alternatively from Proto-Indo-European *sr̥Hyón-. Possible cognate with Proto-Balto-Slavic……”
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*klintaz
noun · masculine · a-stem · /ˈklin.tɑz/
hill
“……y cognate is Proto-Celtic *glendos (‘valley’) (along with its descendants). They are alternatively suggested to be of shared substrate origin.…”
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*humaraz
noun · masculine · a-stem · /ˈxu.mɑ.rɑz/
lobster
“…Likely a substrate borrowing from the same Mediterranean source as Ancient Greek κάραβος (kárabos, ‘beetle, crustacean’), κᾰ́μμᾰρος (k……”
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*waizdaz
noun · masculine · a-stem · /ˈwɑi̯z.dɑz/
woad
“…Unknown. Perhaps from Proto-Indo-European *weydʰ-, from Proto-Indo-European *wey- (‘to wither; fade’). Or, from a substrate source in common with Latin vitrum (‘woad’) and Ancient Greek ἰσάτις (isátis, ‘woad’).…”
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*gazdaz
noun · masculine · a-stem · /ˈɣɑz.dɑz/
goad; spike
“……bar, switch’), but, given the irregular phonetic variation and limited distribution, these are probably of non-Indo-European substrate origin.…”
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*laiwarikǭ
noun · feminine · ōn-stem · /ˈlɑi̯.wɑ.ri.kɔ̃ː/
lark
“……ier *laiwazikǭ, a diminutive of *laiwaz (‘lark’). Further origin uncertain. According to Kuiper, from a European substratum (substrate) word, possibly a Celto-Germanic root shared with Gaulish *alawda (‘skylark’); compare Latin alauda (‘lark’).…”
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*maiwaz
noun · masculine · a-stem · /ˈmɑi̯.wɑz/
gull, seagull
“…Probably of non-Indo-European substrate origin, as no certain cognates exist outside of Germanic, aside from French mauve (‘seagull’), which may or may not……”
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*drībaną
verb · Strong class 1 · /ˈdriː.βɑ.nɑ̃/
to drive, push, compel to go
“……go’) from root *dʰréybʰ- (‘to drive, push’). There are no secure cognates outside of Proto-Germanic, thus it could be from a substrate language.…”
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*kittīną
noun · neuter · a-stem · /ˈkit.tiː.nɑ̃/
the young of an animal; fawn; kid; whelp
“……-īną. The first element is tentatively from Proto-Indo-European *gidʰ-, *gidʰ-n- (‘kid’) (see *kidją), or more likely from a substrate language. For the latter case, compare *gaits (‘goat’) with its incompatible voicing.…”
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*selhaz
noun · masculine · a-stem · /ˈsel.xɑz/
seal (animal)
“……either from pre-Proto-Finnic *šülkeš (later Proto-Finnic *hülgeh; compare Finnish hylje, Estonian hüljes) or from a related substrate source. Derivation from Proto-Indo-European *selk- (‘to pull’), while possible, is ad hoc.…”
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*þeubaz
noun · masculine · a-stem · /ˈθeu̯.βɑz/
thief
“……squat’) (from Proto-Indo-European *tewp- (‘to get down, conceal oneself’)). Alternatively, borrowed from a non-Indo-European substrate.…”
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*arwīts
noun · feminine · consonant stem · /ˈɑr.wiːts/
pea; a pea plant or its edible seed
“…Probably a loan from a pre-Indo-European agricultural substrate. The worid is a feminine root noun whose irregular correspondences with Latin ervum, Ancient Greek ὄροβος, and espe……”
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*klanhs
noun · masculine · consonant stem · /ˈklɑ̃ːxs/
cleft; sluice; abyss
“……(‘to shrink’). Compare also Proto-Celtic *glendos (‘valley, glen’) and Proto-Germanic *klintaz (‘hill, cliff’), of possible substrate origin. In view of *klintaz, *klibą (‘cliff’) and *kluftiz (‘cleft’), sound symbolism may be involved.…”