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*herzô
noun · masculine · an-stem · /ˈxer.zɔːː/
pivot
“……d German scherzen (‘to joke, jest, frolic’). Orel instead derives the root from Proto-Indo-European *(s)kert-so and compares Lithuanian sker̃sas (‘across’), Proto-Slavic *čerzъ (‘through, across’), and Latin cardō. Kroonen prefers to derive the root……”
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*drepaną
verb · Strong class 5 · /ˈdre.pɑ.nɑ̃/
to hit, strike
“……of *drabaną (‘to hew’), from root *dʰrebʰ- (‘to grind; crush; kill’), elsewhere attested only in Balto-Slavic. Cognate with Lithuanian drė̃bti (‘to strike’), Latvian drêbt (‘to beat’).…”
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*dwēsaz
adjective · a-stem · /ˈdwɛː.sɑz/
foolish, stupid
“……olish, misled, mad’) from related stem *dʰwelh₂-, (‘to dim, dull, cloud, make obscure, swirl, whirl’). Possible cognates are Lithuanian dvěsti and Old Irish dásacht ('possession') van der Sijs 2010.…”
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*fertaną
verb · Strong class 3 · /ˈɸer.tɑ.nɑ̃/
to break wind, fart
“……do-European *pérd-e/o-, from root *perd- (‘to fart loudly, pass gas, break wind’). Cognate with Albanian pjerdh (‘to fart’), Lithuanian pérsti (‘to fart’), Ancient Greek πέρδομαι (pérdomai, ‘to fart; to break wind’), and Sanskrit पर्दते (párdate, ‘to……”
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*flainaz
noun · masculine · a-stem · /ˈɸlɑi̯.nɑz/
hook, prong, spear tip, ord
“……well-established root that fits this form. Traditional etymologies connect this term with Old Prussian playnis (‘steel’) and Lithuanian pliẽnas (‘steel’) Trautmann 1910, however current etymological analysis for those terms is also disputed.…”
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*kagô
noun · masculine · an-stem · /ˈkɑ.ɣɔːː/
bush
“……igin. Kroonen proposes a derivation from a northern Proto-Indo-European *ǵogʰ-on-, from a root *ǵogʰ- (‘shrub’), and adduces Lithuanian žãgaras (‘twig’), Latvian žagari (‘shrubs’) as cognates. The ultimate origin could be related to English cog, or O……”
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*springaną
verb · Strong class 3 · /ˈspriŋ.ɡɑ.nɑ̃/
to spring, to jump up
“……), Sanskrit स्पृहयति (spṛháyati, ‘to be eager’), Albanian shpërthej (‘to pop open, puncture, lance, make explode, blow up’), Lithuanian spreñgti (‘to push (in)’).…”
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*halmaz
noun · masculine · a-stem · /ˈxɑl.mɑz/
halm; stem; stalk
“……do-European *ḱelh₂- (‘to stick; prick; stab’). Cognate with Latin culmus, Ancient Greek κάλαμος (kálamos). Kroonen, who adds Lithuanian kélmas (‘tree trunk’) as a cognate, reconstructs the original athematic paradigm as *ḱélh₂-m̥ ~ *ḱl̥h₂-m-ós (cf. *……”
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*lappōną
verb · Weak class 2 · /ˈlɑp.pɔː.nɑ̃/
to lap, lick up
“……he root was probably onomatopoeic and might have come about after the PIE period proper. Related to Latin lambō (‘to lick’), Lithuanian lapènti (‘to drink greedily (of pigs)’), Ancient Greek λάπτω (láptō, ‘idem’), Albanian lap (‘to lick or lap up wat……”
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*widuz
noun · masculine · u-stem · /ˈwi.ðuz/
forest
“……’), with both roots likely tracing further to Proto-Indo-European *h₁weydʰh₁- (‘to separate, split, cleave, divide’) (whence Lithuanian vidùs (‘middle, i.e. forested area between two habitations’)), with sense development "set apart, abandoned" > "de……”
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*saltą
noun · neuter · a-stem · /ˈsɑl.tɑ̃/
salt
“……uter collective noun from *saltaną (‘to salt’). The closest cognate is Old Armenian աղտ (ałt) (cf. also Proto-Slavic *soldъ, Lithuanian saldus). Other cognates include Latin sāl, Latvian sāls, Proto-Slavic *solь, Ancient Greek ἅλς (háls) and Welsh ha……”
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*bankô
noun · masculine · an-stem · /ˈbɑŋ.kɔːː/
bank, embankment
“……ndo-European verb *bʰ-né-g-ti ~ *bʰ-n̥-g-énti, a nasal-infixed present of root *bʰeg- (‘to bend, curve, arch’). Cognate with Lithuanian bangà (‘wave, billow’), related to *bankiz (‘a raised surface; bulge; hillock; slope; bench’), *bunkô (‘bump, lump……”
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*fartōną
verb · Weak class 2 · /ˈɸɑr.tɔː.nɑ̃/
to fart
“……, break wind’), an o-grade iterative verb of the strong verb *fertaną (‘to fart’). Cognate with Albanian pjerdh (‘to fart’), Lithuanian pérsti (‘to fart’), Ancient Greek πέρδομαι (pérdomai, ‘to fart; to break wind’), and Sanskrit पर्दते (párdate, ‘to……”
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*rīdaną
verb · Strong class 1 · /ˈriː.ðɑ.nɑ̃/
to ride
“……eideti (‘to ride’) (whence Old Irish réidid (‘to ride, drive’), ríad (“ride”, noun)), Proto-Celtic *reidis (‘easy, smooth’), Lithuanian riedė́ti (‘to roll’), raidù (‘quick’), and Latvian raĩdît (‘to send hastily, urge, (reflexive) hurry’).…”
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*buriz
noun · masculine · i-stem · /ˈbu.riz/
male offspring; son
“……ing; pregnancy; birth’). Compare Ancient Greek φέρμᾰ (phérmă, ‘that which is borne, fruit of the womb; fruit of the earth’), Lithuanian bernas (‘lad, servant’), from the same root.…”
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*fētijaną
verb · Weak class 1 · /ˈɸɛː.ti.jɑ.nɑ̃/
to adorn, to equip
“……pean *ped- (‘to walk, to step; to stumble, to fall’), *pḗd-eye/o-, noting a few Baltic forms with the same lengthened grade, Lithuanian pė́das (‘foot, sheaf’) and Latvian pę̂da (‘foot, bundle, armful’). The semantic development was perhaps ‘go, walk’……”
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*mugjō
noun · feminine · ō-stem · /ˈmuɣ.jɔː/
little fly, midge, mosquito
“……erent velarization than *mują, though both are from the same ultimate source. Cognates include Latin musca (‘fly (insect)’), Lithuanian mùsė (‘fly’), Proto-Slavic *mùxa (‘fly’).…”
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*fuglaz
noun · masculine · a-stem · /ˈɸuɣ.lɑz/
bird
“……opean *plewk- (‘to fly’). Parallel construction with *flugilaz (‘wing’), from *fleuganą + *-ilaz. Alternatively cognate with Lithuanian paũkštis (‘bird’), itself perhaps from Proto-Indo-European *powk-sti-s, from presumed root *pewk-.…”
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*hangistaz
noun · masculine · a-stem · /ˈxɑŋ.ɡis.tɑz/
horse, stallion
“……ck further to a root *ḱenk- (‘to gallop, move agilely’), though the morphology is not exactly clear, and may be cognate with Lithuanian šankùs (‘nimble’), as well as Welsh caseg (‘mare’) and Persian خنگ (xeng, ‘gray horse’). Compare also *hanhaz (‘he……”
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*haupaz
noun · masculine · a-stem · /ˈxɑu̯.pɑz/
heap, pile
“……p- (‘heap, pile’), a stem of unusual formation. Related to Avestan 𐬐𐬀𐬊𐬟𐬀 (kaofa, ‘mountain, hump’), Old Irish cúan (‘pile’), Lithuanian kaũpas (‘heap’), Proto-Slavic *kupъ (‘heap’).…”
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*þrukkijaną
verb · Weak class 1 · /ˈθruk.ki.jɑ.nɑ̃/
to press on
“…From Proto-Indo-European *trewk- (‘to press on and break’); cognates outside of Germanic include Welsh trychu (‘to cut’), Lithuanian trū́kti (‘to tear into pieces, burst’), trùkti (‘to last, continue’). Other theories derive the root from Proto-In……”
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*-ingaz
suffix · forms nouns · masculine · a-stem · /iŋ.ɡɑz/
forms masculine nouns meaning ‘one belonging to, descended from, associated with, or characterized by X’
“……nd it became extremely productive in North and West Germanic. Cognates of this compound suffix in Indo-European are found in Lithuanian -ingas and Latvian -īgs which have been shown to relate directly to the Germanic suffix Ambrazas 1994Andersson 200……”
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*dreugaz
adjective · a-stem · /ˈdreu̯.ɣɑz/
enduring, lasting
“……ltimately from Proto-Indo-European *dʰréwgʰ-o-s, from root *dʰrewgʰ- (‘to accompany, follow, be loyal; loyal’). Cognate with Lithuanian draũgas (‘male friend’) and Old Church Slavonic дроугъ (drugŭ, ‘friend, other’). Related to *dreuganą (‘to serve,……”
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*hringaz
noun · masculine · a-stem · /ˈxriŋ.ɡɑz/
sound, ring
“……derive the word from a Proto-Indo-European *(s)kreg-, *(s)kArg-, *(s)kArk- (‘to caw, crow, croak, pipe, shout’), and compare Lithuanian krañkti (‘to caw, cough, croak’). Alternatively, an intra-Germanic onomatopoeic formation.…”
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*narwaz
adjective · a-stem · /ˈnɑr.wɑz/
constricted; narrow
“……snōrjō, ‘woven basket’) (< *snōrjō), Sanskrit नृत्यति (nṛ́tyati, ‘to dance’), Russian нерёт (nerjót, ‘a type of fish trap’), Lithuanian nérti (‘to thread; to dive, plunge; to slip and fall’) and Latvian nãrs (‘clamp’). For the suffix, see *-wós.…”