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*kwerruz
adjective · u-stem · /ˈkwer.ruz/
calm; still; quiet
“…From a Proto-Indo-European *gʷerH- (‘to crumble, weaken’), and related to Latvian gur̃t (‘to become weak, slacken’) and Lithuanian gùrti (‘to crumble, weaken, subside’). The root *gʷerH- may be further identical to *gʷerh₂- (‘heavy’), from the s……”
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*lūtaną
verb · Strong class 2 · /ˈluː.tɑ.nɑ̃/
to bow down, lout
“……to duck, crouch, feign, cringe, become small’), a root whose purported descendants are uncertain, but which usually includes Lithuanian liū̃dnas (‘sad’), liū̃sti (‘to become sad’). By synchronic analysis, Kroonen takes the word as a back-formation fr……”
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*spannaną
verb · Strong class 7c · /ˈspɑn.nɑ.nɑ̃/
to stretch, span
“……naną (‘to spin’), though Kroonen alternatively derives the verb from a Proto-Indo-European *spend- (‘to stretch’), comparing Lithuanian spę́sti (‘to snare’), Latvian spanda (‘strap’), Old Church Slavonic спѫдъ (spǫdŭ, ‘corn-measure, measure, peck’).…”
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*marþraz
noun · masculine · a-stem · /ˈmɑr.θrɑz/
marten
“……Has been compared to Proto-Finnic *mäkrä but problematic due to phonetic reasons. Torp has compared it morphosemantically to Lithuanian marti̇̀ (‘bride, daughter-in-law’), due to Albanian nuselalë (“weasel, racoon”, literally “friendly bride”) and nu……”
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*fleutaną
verb · Strong class 2 · /ˈɸleu̯.tɑ.nɑ̃/
to float, stream
“……anic *pléwd-e/o-, from Proto-Indo-European *plewd- (‘to fly, flow, run’), an extension of root *plew- (‘to fly, flow, run’). Lithuanian plū́sti ('flow out, overflow'), is a cognate Derksen 2015. Related to *fleutą (‘river, stream’), *fleutaz (‘nimble……”
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*farzô
noun · masculine · an-stem · /ˈɸɑr.zɔːː/
bull; ox
“……ade, s-extended form of root *perh3- (‘to provide, produce, beget’). Cognates are Latin pariō (‘to bear, to give birth to’), Lithuanian perėti (‘brood’), Greek πόρτῐς (pórtĭs, ‘a calf, young heifer’), and Sanskrit पृथुक (pṛthuka, ‘boy; the young of……”
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*sleupaną
verb · Strong class 2 · /ˈsleu̯.pɑ.nɑ̃/
to creep, slink, sneak, slip (move quietly or stealthily)
“……verb back-formed from the iterative verb *sluppōną, from a Proto-Indo-European *slewp- (‘to slip, glide’), and cognate with Lithuanian įslupti (‘to slip into’), Latvian šļupt (‘to slip’). However, de Vaan reconstructs the root as coming from earlier……”
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*knippōną
verb · Weak class 2 · /ˈknip.pɔː.nɑ̃/
to pinch
“……e verb from Proto-Indo-European *ǵneybʰ- (‘to pinch’) which also gave rise to the strong verb *knīpaną (‘to pinch’). Compare Lithuanian gnýbti (‘idem’), žnýbti (‘to pinch, snuff a candle’). Whether the root further derives from a Proto-Indo-European……”
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*rukkōną
verb · Weak class 2 · /ˈruk.kɔː.nɑ̃/
to move, move back and forth, rock
“……erivation from an unknown verb *rehaną, *reganą, from a putative Proto-Indo-European *Hreǵʰ- (‘to touch’), and compared with Lithuanian rõžyti (‘to touch, hit’), though this is speculative.…”
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*makaz
adjective · a-stem · /ˈmɑ.kɑz/
fit, suitable, agreeable, comfortable
“……djective from a Proto-Indo-European *meg- (‘to be comfortable, pleasant’), and connects Old Irish mám (‘yoke’) (< *mag-mo-), Lithuanian mė́gti (‘to like’) (< *meg-ye-). He rejects other theories, which take the form of the Indo-European root as *meh₂……”
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*farzaz
noun · masculine · a-stem · /ˈɸɑr.zɑz/
bull; ox
“……ade, s-extended form of root *perh3- (‘to provide, produce, beget’). Cognates are Latin pariō (‘to bear, to give birth to’), Lithuanian perėti (‘brood’), Greek πόρτῐς (pórtĭs, ‘a calf, young heifer’), and Sanskrit पृथुक (pṛthuka, ‘boy; the young of……”
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*hleutaną
verb · Strong class 2 · /ˈxleu̯.tɑ.nɑ̃/
to cast lots
“……tested outside Germanic, but it is likely an extension of the same Proto-Indo-European root *klewH- (‘lot, fate’) as seen in Lithuanian kliū́ti (‘to stick, hang on’) and Latvian kļũt (‘to become, succeed’), especially in view of Latvian kļũtas (‘fate……”
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*Albiharjaz
proper noun · masculine · ja-stem · /ˈɑl.βi.ˌxɑr.jɑz/
a male given name, composed of the name-elements ‘elf’ and ‘army; warrior’
“……Indo-European *h₂elbʰós Orel 2003, while *harjaz continues Proto-Indo-European *kóryos, from *ker-; compare Old Irish cuire, Lithuanian kãras, kãrias, Ancient Greek κοίρανος, and Old Persian 𐎣𐎠𐎼 Beekes 2010 Kent 1989 Kroonen 2013 Shahbazi 1986.…”
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*stakô
noun · masculine · an-stem · /ˈstɑ.kɔːː/
stake
“……opean *stogʰ-on-, from a root *stegʰ- (‘bar, pillar, rod’), and cognate with Ancient Greek στόχος (stókhos, ‘brick pillar’), Lithuanian stãgaras (‘dry stalk, switch’). Kroonen, in addition to the above, also suggests an alternate derivation as a nomi……”
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*farsī
noun · feminine · ī/jō-stem · /ˈɸɑr.siː/
cow; heifer
“……ade, s-extended form of root *perh3- (‘to provide, produce, beget’). Cognates are Latin pariō (‘to bear, to give birth to’), Lithuanian perėti (‘brood’), Greek πόρτῐς (pórtĭs, ‘a calf, young heifer’), and Sanskrit पृथुक (pṛthuka, ‘boy; the young of……”
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*ahsō
noun · feminine · ō-stem · /ˈɑx.sɔː/
axle; the shaft or axis on which wheels turn
“……inine *-eh₂-stem built from Proto-Indo-European *h₂éḱs- Kroonen 2013. Compare Sanskrit अक्ष, Ancient Greek ἄξων, Latin axis, Lithuanian ašìs, and Old Church Slavonic ось Lubotsky 2023 Mallory & Adams 1997. Related to l-derivative *ahslō; van Sluis et……”
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*drenô
noun · masculine · an-stem · /ˈdrɛ.nɔːː/
male bee or wasp; drone
“……variation seen in the reflexes, and claims that those with long vowels were likely not actually long. Possible cognate with Lithuanian trãnas (‘drone’), Serbo-Croatian trut (‘drone’), Czech trubec (‘drone’), but the t- is unexpected. Related to *drē……”
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*ferudi
adverb · /ˈɸe.ru.ði/
last year, a year ago
“……rth, fare’) + *ut-i, locative singular form of *wet- (‘year, year-old’). Compare Ancient Greek πέρυσι (pérusi, ‘last year’), Lithuanian pérnai (‘last year’), Old Armenian հերու (heru, ‘last year, in the last year’), Persian پار (pâr, ‘last year’), Sa……”
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*limuz
noun · masculine · u-stem · /ˈli.muz/
limb; member
“……ed as *(H)h₃l-ey-), and *leyH-. Perhaps cognate with Latin līmus (‘askew’), but with a slightly different derivation, and/or Lithuanian liemuõ (‘log, torso’) (the latter for which Kroonen reconstructs *ley- as the base Indo-European root). Also compa……”
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*hungruz
noun · masculine · u-stem · /ˈxuŋ.ɡruz/
hunger
“……m pre-Proto-Germanic *kunkr-ú-s, from Proto-Indo-European *kn̥k-ró-s, from *kenk- (‘to hunger, ache’) + *-rós. Cognates with Lithuanian keñkras (‘lean, emaciated’), keñkti (‘to ache’), Ancient Greek κέγκει (kénkei, ‘is hungry’), κάγκανος (kánkanos, ‘……”
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*badōną
verb · Weak class 2 · /ˈbɑ.ðɔː.nɑ̃/
to press or weigh down; oppress, distress; frighten
“……rives *badōn- from the zero grade *bʰh₂dʰ- from Proto-Indo-European root *bʰeh₂dʰ-, cognate with Sanskrit बाधते and probably Lithuanian bósti. The older comparison with Old Irish fo-botha is formally untenable for various reasons van Sluis et al. 202……”
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*hrewwaną
verb · Strong class 2 · /ˈxrew.wɑ.nɑ̃/
to grieve, to feel sorrow
“……o-Indo-European *krewh₂- (‘blood’), as well as to *krows- (‘to fall, beat, break, bruise’). In the latter case, cognate with Lithuanian krùšti (‘to smash, crash, bruise’), Russian круши́ть (krušítʹ, ‘to destroy’), Russian сокруша́ться (sokrušátʹsja)……”
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*skeutaną
verb · Strong class 2 · /ˈskeu̯.tɑ.nɑ̃/
to shoot (especially of an arrow), dash
“……ush’), Icelandic skota (‘idem’)), which he derives from a Proto-Indo-European *sket- (‘to drive forward’), and connects with Lithuanian skàsti (‘to jump, hop’), Latin scatō (‘to gush forth, swarm’).…”
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*slinkaną
verb · Strong class 3 · /ˈsliŋ.kɑ.nɑ̃/
to creep; crawl; slink
“……*slenkʷ-); this could explain the different coda stop reflexes without needing to assume two separate PIE roots. Related to Lithuanian sliñkti (‘to creep, sneak’). Perhaps partly sound-symbolic or onomatopoeic.…”
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*skrīþaną
verb · Strong class 1 · /ˈskriː.θɑ.nɑ̃/
to walk, glide, crawl
“……a root *(s)krey- (‘to go about’) shared with Baltic, the latter whose forms are extended as *(s)kreydʰ-; comparanda include Lithuanian skri̇̀sti (‘to rush, run’), skraidùs (‘fast’), skriẽti (‘to circle, fly in circles’), Latvian skrìedinât (‘to driv……”