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*sinīgaz
adjective · a-stem · /ˈsi.niː.ɣɑz/
old
“……ectives from nouns, originally i-stem), possibly a modification of an older Proto-Indo-European *sen-ek- (‘old’) whence also Latin senex, or *seniḱos. See *senaz for more cognates.…”
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*wihslaz
noun · masculine · a-stem · /ˈwix.slɑz/
change
“……om *weyk- (‘to exchange, curve’). Related to *wikǭ (‘week’) and *wīkwaną (‘to yield, to fold’); outside of Germanic, compare Latin vicis (‘change’), Sanskrit विष्टी (viṣṭī, ‘changeable, changing’).…”
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*þelą
noun · neuter · a-stem · /ˈθe.lɑ̃/
floor; deal (plank)
“……(‘flat surface, ground; board, plank’). Compare Proto-Slavic *tьlò (‘ground, bottom’), Sanskrit तल (tála, ‘surface, sloor’), Latin tellūs (‘earth; world’), Old Irish talam (‘earth, dry land’).…”
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*þinhslō
noun · feminine · ō-stem · /ˈθĩːx.slɔː/
a drawbar, cartpole, or thill
“……ngʰs (e)leh₂, derived from the root *tengʰ- (‘to pull, stretch, tensen’); Kroonen however is skeptical. In any case, compare Latin tēmō (‘pole, yoke-beam’) and Old Prussian teansis (‘drawbar’).…”
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*þunraz
noun · masculine · a-stem · /ˈθun.rɑz/
thunder
“…From Proto-Indo-European *(s)tenh₂- (‘to thunder’). Cognate with Proto-Celtic *toranos (‘thunder’), Latin tonō (‘to thunder’), Persian تندر (tondar, ‘thunder’), Sanskrit स्तनति (stánati, ‘to resound; to thunder; to roar’), an……”
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*rūmōniz
noun · masculine · i-stem · /ˈruː.mɔː.niz/
a Roman
“…Back-formed from the plural *Rūmōnīz, from Latin Rōmānī, itself the plural of Rōmānus. At the time of borrowing, *ō was still pronounced as a more open vowel ā, probabl……”
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*ansaz
noun · masculine · a-stem · /ˈɑn.sɑz/
beam; a heavy supporting timber or pole
“……than providing an independent cognate Blažek 2023 Kroonen 2013 Ringe 2017. Kroonen regards proposed connections with *amsaz, Latin onus, and Latin asser as problematic. Neri Neri 2009 proposes instead Proto-Indo-European h₁onh₃-s-o-, comparing Latin……”
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*plōgaz
noun · masculine · a-stem · /ˈplɔː.ɣɑz/
plough
“……from the root *plew- (‘to fly, flow, run’). Compare Albanian plor (‘prow of a boat; ploughshare’). Alinei also mentions the Latin plaumoratum , with the second element possibly relating to the family of Latin rota, Proto-Celtic *rotos and Proto-Germ……”
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*munþaz
noun · masculine · a-stem · /ˈmun.θɑz/
mouth
“…From Proto-Indo-European *mn̥-tó-s (‘mouth, jaw’), from *men- (‘chin’) + *-tós. Cognate with Latin mentum (‘chin’), Welsh mant (‘mandible, gums’), Hittite 𒈨𒂊𒉌𒄿 (me-e-ni-i /mēni/, ‘face, cheek’). More speculatively, p……”
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*brukkōną
verb · Weak class 2 · /ˈbruk.kɔː.nɑ̃/
to break, crumble
“……*brekaną (‘to break’), ultimately from Proto-Indo-European from root *bʰreg- (‘to break’). Possible parallel formation with Latin frangō (‘to break’).…”
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*hellaną
verb · Strong class 3 · /ˈxel.lɑ.nɑ̃/
to resound, make a sound
“……ke noise’). The semantic shift from "make noise" > "loud" > "clear, bright" in the High German descendants parallels that of Latin clārus (‘loud, clear’), from the same root.…”
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*hlustiz
noun · feminine · i-stem · /ˈxlus.tiz/
hearing
“……nal from *ḱlews- (‘to hear’). Exact cognate with Sanskrit श्रुष्टि (śrúṣṭi, ‘complaisance’). Related to Irish cluas (‘ear’), Latin clueō (‘be spoken of, be reputed’).…”
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*sadaz
adjective · a-stem · /ˈsɑ.ðɑz/
full, sated
“…From Proto-Indo-European *sh₂-tó-s, from *seh₂- (‘to satiate, satisfy’), related to Latin satis (‘enough’). Despite Kroonen, not related to Old Armenian հաճ (hač, ‘satisfied’), which instead stems from Proto-I……”
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*spīwaną
verb · Strong class 1 · /ˈspiː.wɑ.nɑ̃/
to spew, to spit
“…From Proto-Indo-European *(s)ptēiw-, *(s)ptyēw- (‘to spit, vomit’). Cognate with Latin spuō (“spit”, verb), Ancient Greek πτύω (ptúō, ‘spit, vomit’), Old Armenian թուք (tʻukʻ), Old Church Slavonic пльвати (……”
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*unþī
noun · feminine · ī/jō-stem · /ˈun.θiː/
wave
“……pare Ancient Greek ἄντλος (ántlos, ‘hold of a ship, bilgewater’), Hittite 𒄩𒀀𒉌 (ḫa-a-ni, ‘to draw (liquids)’). Not related to Latin unda (‘wave’).…”
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*þūmô
noun · masculine · an-stem · /ˈθuː.mɔːː/
thumb
“……u (h₂)m-ō, from *tum- (‘to swell’), thus "big swollen finger" > "thumb". Cognate with Sanskrit तुम्र (túmra, ‘strong, big’), Latin tumor (‘swelling, tumor’), Lithuanian tumė́ti (‘to coagulate’), Welsh twf (‘strength’).…”
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*Þunraz
proper noun · masculine · a-stem · /ˈθun.rɑz/
Thor, god of thunder
“……ica in Germanic weekday names (see Thursday), yet otherwise identified with Hercules by way of interpretatio romana. Compare Latin Iuppiter Tonāns (‘Thundering Jupiter’).…”
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*elhaz
noun · masculine · a-stem · /ˈel.xɑz/
elk
“……él-ḱ-is (‘elk’), from root *h₁el- (‘deer’), reformulated as an a-stem. Cognate with Ancient Greek ἄλκη (álkē, ‘moose, elk’), Latin alcēs (‘elk, moose’), and Russian лось (losʹ, ‘moose, elk’).…”
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*fīsaną
verb · Strong class 1 · /ˈɸiː.sɑ.nɑ̃/
to blow
“……uropean *péys-e/o- from root *(s)peys-(‘to breathe, blow’) Kroonen 2013. Likely of onomatopoeic origin. Possible cognate are Latin spīrō (‘to breathe, draw breath, respire’) and Russian пища́ть (piščátʹ, ‘to peep, squeak’).…”
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*getaną
verb · Strong class 5 · /ˈɣe.tɑ.nɑ̃/
to find or make a way
“…From Proto-Indo-European *gʰe (n)d- (‘to take, seize’). Cognate with Latin prehendō (‘snatch, seize’), Ancient Greek χανδάνω (khandánō, ‘hold, contain’). The original meaning appears to have bee……”
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*werganą
verb · Strong class 3 · /ˈwer.ɣɑ.nɑ̃/
to strangle
“……‘to tighten, string’), Proto-Slavic *povorzъ (‘cord, rope’), as well as perhaps Albanian vjerdh (‘to instill, bring close’), Latin urgeō (‘to press, push’).…”
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*wintruz
noun · masculine · u-stem · /ˈwin.truz/
winter
“……everal possibilities have been proposed, although none are particularly convincing: The first theory involves an analysis of Latin unda continuing *u-n-deh₂ rather than *ud-neh₂, while there is little semantic evidence for the second theory.…”
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*wiskaz
noun · masculine · a-stem · /ˈwis.kɑz/
bundle of hay/straw, wisp
“…From Proto-Indo-European *wisgéh₂ (‘flexible rod’) (cf. the feminine ō-stem variant *wiskō); cognate with Latin virga (‘twig, shoot, rod’). The root may further derive from Proto-Indo-European *weys- (‘to produce, procreate’), thou……”
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*Masō
proper noun · feminine · ō-stem · /ˈmɑ.sɔː/
the river Meuse
“…From a Celtic language, presumably Proto-Celtic *Mosā. Despite the obvious similarities, the name is not derived from Latin Mosa. It shows evidence of the change from of o to a; this is known to have occurred before the first contact of German……”
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*airiwakraz
adjective · a-stem · /ˈɑi̯.ri.ˌwɑk.rɑz/
early-awake
“……+ *wakraz. Attested in Old High German in Die althochdeutschen Glossen as erachari (normalized as *eracar/*erachar) glossing Latin antelucanum (Braune & Reiffenstein 2004 Schatz 1907 and in Old Norse in the Grímnismál edda as Arvacr/Árvakr Mattioli 2……”