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*flakkōną
verb · Weak class 2 · /ˈɸlɑk.kɔː.nɑ̃/
to beat
“……to beat, strike’), from root *pel- (‘to beat, push, drive’) Kroonen 2013. Compare Proto-Slavic *plakati (‘to cry, weep’) and Latin plēctō (‘to punish, beat’).…”
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*halmaz
noun · masculine · a-stem · /ˈxɑl.mɑz/
halm; stem; stalk
“…From Proto-Indo-European *ḱolh₂mos, from Proto-Indo-European *ḱelh₂- (‘to stick; prick; stab’). Cognate with Latin culmus, Ancient Greek κάλαμος (kálamos). Kroonen, who adds Lithuanian kélmas (‘tree trunk’) as a cognate, reconstructs……”
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*lappōną
verb · Weak class 2 · /ˈlɑp.pɔː.nɑ̃/
to lap, lick up
“……*lap-néh₂- (‘to lick’). The root was probably onomatopoeic and might have come about after the PIE period proper. Related to Latin lambō (‘to lick’), Lithuanian lapènti (‘to drink greedily (of pigs)’), Ancient Greek λάπτω (láptō, ‘idem’), Albanian la……”
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*sairaz
adjective · a-stem · /ˈsɑi̯.rɑz/
sore, painful
“……(‘to be fierce, afflict’); compare Hittite [script needed] (sāwar, ‘anger’), Old Irish saeth (‘pain’), Welsh hoed (‘pain’), Latin saevus (‘fierce’), Latvian sievs (‘sharp, biting’). Solmsen also connects Ancient Greek αἱμωδία (haimōdía, ‘sensation o……”
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*after
adverb · /ˈɑɸ.ter/
after, behind
“……*apó + the contrastive/local suffix *-tero-. The inherited PIE base is seen in Ancient Greek ἀπό, Sanskrit अप, Avestan 𐬀𐬞𐬀, Latin ab, and Hittite 𒀀𒀊𒉺, while the *-tero- derivative is paralleled by Sanskrit अपतरम् and Ancient Greek ἀπωτέρω Dunkel 201……”
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*saltą
noun · neuter · a-stem · /ˈsɑl.tɑ̃/
salt
“……t’). The closest cognate is Old Armenian աղտ (ałt) (cf. also Proto-Slavic *soldъ, Lithuanian saldus). Other cognates include Latin sāl, Latvian sāls, Proto-Slavic *solь, Ancient Greek ἅλς (háls) and Welsh halen.…”
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*abraz
adjective · a-stem · /ˈɑβ.rɑz/
strong, severe, exceeding, immense, great, huge, terrible
“……tic *h₃óp-r̥ ~ *h₃ép-n- Johnsen 2005b Rieken 1999. Indo-European comparanda include Vedic Sanskrit अप्नस्, Hittite 𒄩𒀊𒁉𒈾, and Latin opulentus, all belonging to the same PIE *h₃ep-/*h₃op- complex Kloekhorst 2008 Watkins 2011.…”
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*atstandaną
verb · Strong class 6 · /ˌɑt.ˈstɑn.dɑ.nɑ̃/
to stand near or by; to be present nearby
“……he & Meid 1969 Lehmann 1986a. The combination may be inherited from an older Indo-European preverb–verb collocation: compare Latin astāre < ad-stāre and Old Irish at·tá, which Dunkel Dunkel 2014 and Hackstein Hackstein 2023 compare directly with Goth……”
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*dragjō
noun · feminine · ō-stem · /ˈdrɑɣ.jɔː/
dregs, sediment
“……with Proto-Balto-Slavic dragjāˀ (‘dregs, sediment’), Albanian dra (‘sediment, dregs; smudged butter; sweepings, dirt’), and Latin fracēs (‘oil cake: grounds, solid waste from olive pressing; the lees, dregs of oil’). Related to *drastaz (‘dregs, lee……”
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*farhaz
noun · masculine · a-stem · /ˈɸɑr.xɑz/
pig, piglet
“……dig’), with its original meaning being ‘the digger’. Cognates are Polish prosię (‘piglet’), Manx ark (‘young pig, piglet’), Latin porcus (‘a piglet, a young pig; a pig, hog’), and Lusitanian porcom (‘pig’). Related to *furhs (‘furrow’).…”
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*fehu
noun · neuter · u-stem · /ˈɸe.xu/
livestock, cattle
“……pecku (‘cattle’), Sanskrit पशु (páśu, paśú;, ‘cattle, kine; any domesticated animal’), Avestan 𐬞𐬀𐬯𐬎 (pasu, ‘livestock’), and Latin pecū (‘cattle; domestic animals’).…”
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*mōdaz
noun · masculine · a-stem · /ˈmɔː.ðɑz/
mind, sense
“……endeavor; will, temper’), which may be a semantic extension of *meh₁- in the usual "to measure" sense. Perhaps cognate with Latin mōs (‘will, humor, wont, inclination, mood’), Proto-Slavic *sъmě̀ti (‘to dare, venture, make bold’).…”
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*saiwiz
noun · masculine · i-stem · /ˈsɑi̯.wiz/
body of water: lake, sea, ocean
“……an older theory by Orel postulates a derivation from from Proto-Indo-European *sh₂ey-wo- (‘to be fierce, afflict’) (compare Latin saevus (‘wild, fierce’), Tocharian saiwe (‘itch’), Latvian sievs, sīvs (‘sharp, biting’)). Compare *sairaz (‘sore, pain……”
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*snuzō
noun · feminine · ō-stem · /ˈsnu.zɔː/
daughter-in-law
“……tic stems in Germanic. Compare Proto-Slavic *snъxa (formally identical; both possibly from Proto-Indo-European *snuséh₂) and Latin nurus (remade as a u-stem, although compare proscribed nura).…”
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*arbaz
noun · masculine · a-stem · /ˈɑr.βɑz/
worker, laborer
“…Probably from Proto-Indo-European *h₃órbʰos, from *h₃erbʰ-. Cognate with Old Armenian որբ, Ancient Greek ὀρφανός, Latin orbus, and Proto-Slavic *orbъ. The inherited meaning ‘orphan’ is relatively secure, while ‘servant, worker’ represents……”
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*hansō
noun · feminine · ō-stem · /ˈxɑn.sɔː/
A gathering, summation, mass, quantity, amount
“……gathering’), from Proto-Indo-European *ḱóm (‘beside, by, with, along’) + Proto-Indo-European *sed- (‘to sit’). Cognate with Latin consilium (‘council, advisory body’); < *consodium, Russian сосе́д (soséd, ‘neighbour’). Alternative etymology suggests……”
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*hinder
adverb · /ˈxin.der/
back, on that side of, behind
“…From Proto-Indo-European *ḱem-tér- (‘down, back, along, over, through’), from *ḱóm (‘beside, near, by, with’). Cognate with Latin contrā (‘back, against’), Old Welsh cant (‘with, at, along’); > Modern Welsh gan (‘with, by’), Ancient Greek κατά (katá……”
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*hinder
preposition · /ˈxin.der/
behind, beyond
“…From Proto-Indo-European *ḱem-tér- (‘down, back, along, over, through’), from *ḱóm (‘beside, near, by, with’). Cognate with Latin contrā (‘back, against’), Old Welsh cant (‘with, at, along’); > Modern Welsh gan (‘with, by’), Ancient Greek κατά (katá……”
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*mugjō
noun · feminine · ō-stem · /ˈmuɣ.jɔː/
little fly, midge, mosquito
“……anic variants underwent a different velarization than *mują, though both are from the same ultimate source. Cognates include Latin musca (‘fly (insect)’), Lithuanian mùsė (‘fly’), Proto-Slavic *mùxa (‘fly’).…”
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*slībaną
verb · Strong class 1 · /ˈsliː.βɑ.nɑ̃/
to split
“……ic *slīpaną (‘to whet, sharpen’), Old High German slīman (‘to make smooth’), Proto-Celtic *limāti (‘to polish, sharpen’) and Latin līma (‘carpenter's file’), from extensions of the same root.…”
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*bai
determiner · /ˈbɑi̯/
both; the two members of a pair considered together
“……Lundquist & Yates 2018. Cognate formations include Vedic Sanskrit उभ, Lithuanian abu, Proto-Slavic *oba, Ancient Greek ἄμφω, Latin ambō, and Tocharian A āmpi; outside Germanic the stem generally occurs with an additional initial particle or pronomina……”
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*pakkô
noun · masculine · an-stem · /ˈpɑk.kɔːː/
bundle; pack; package
“……es of Indo-European. Said relatives include Middle Welsh beich (‘load, cargo’) (from Proto-Celtic *baskis (‘bundle, load’)), Latin bāiulus (‘porter, carrier’), and perhaps fascis (‘bundle’), Ancient Greek φάκελος (phákelos, ‘bundle’).…”
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*tūmōną
verb · Weak class 2 · /ˈtuː.mɔː.nɑ̃/
to rotate; spin; revolve
“……that it is possibly related to Sanskrit धावति (dhāvati, ‘to flee, run’), Ancient Greek θύω (thúō, ‘I rage, storm, rush in’), Latin furō (‘I rage’), suggesting a hypothetical Proto-Indo-European *dʰewH- (‘shake, roar’).…”
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*þrukkijaną
verb · Weak class 1 · /ˈθruk.ki.jɑ.nɑ̃/
to press on
“……heories derive the root from Proto-Indo-European *terh₁- (‘to rub, bore, twist’). Has been suggested as the origin of Vulgar Latin *trūdicāre, but this appears unlikely.…”
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*ainijaz
noun · masculine · ja-stem · /ˈɑi̯.ni.jɑz/
juniper, probably the common juniper or a closely similar coniferous shrub/tree
“……rush, reed’ and ‘juniper’. Compare Proto-Celtic *yoyni-, continued by Middle Irish áin; Proto-Italic *joiniko-, continued by Latin iuncus; and Latin iūniperus, which may contain the same first element de Vaan 2008 Koch 2020 Matasović 2009a. De Vaan e……”