-
*heruz
noun · masculine · u-stem · /ˈxe.ruz/
sword, dagger
“……ointed stick, arrow, spear, sword’), possibly from the root *ḱerh₂- (‘head; horn’) or from *(s)ker- (‘to cut’). Cognate with Sanskrit शरु (śáru, ‘missile, dart, arrow’).…”
-
*hirmijaną
verb · Weak class 1 · /ˈxir.mi.jɑ.nɑ̃/
to rest
“…From Proto-Indo-European *ḱermH-ye, the ye-present of *ḱermH-. Cognate with Sanskrit श्राम्यति (śrāmyati, ‘to weary’). Related to Proto-Norse *ᚺᛖᚱᛗᚨ (*herma), as found in Proto-Norse ᚺᛖᚱᛡᛗᛡᛚᛡᛋᛡᛦ (herᴀm……”
-
*hiwją
noun · neuter · ja-stem · /ˈxiw.jɑ̃/
appearance, blee
“……cuticle, hide; beauty, splendour’) or from Proto-Indo-European *ḱyeh₁- (‘grey, dark shade’), or a merger of the two. Compare Sanskrit छवि (chavi, ‘skin, beauty’).…”
-
*hrusǭ
noun · feminine · ōn-stem · /ˈxru.sɔ̃ː/
ground; crust
“……Ancient Greek κρύος (krúos, ‘frost, icy cold’), κρύσταλλος (krústallos, ‘crystal, ice’), Avestan 𐬑𐬭𐬎𐬰𐬛𐬭𐬀 (xruzdra, ‘hard’), Sanskrit क्रूड् (krūḍ, ‘thicken, make hard’).…”
-
*kwistiz
noun · feminine · i-stem · /ˈkʷis.tiz/
damage, destruction
“…From Proto-Indo-European *(s)gʷes- (‘extinguish, quell’). Cognate with Sanskrit जासयति (jāsayati, ‘to exhaust’), Lithuanian gęstù (‘to extinguish, to go out’), Irish bás (‘death’) and Old Church S……”
-
*sauzijaną
verb · Weak class 1 · /ˈsɑu̯.zi.jɑ.nɑ̃/
to make dry, parch
“……uzaz (‘dry’) + *-janą. May be formally cognate with Proto-Slavic *sušiti (‘to make dry’) (Proto-Balto-Slavic *sáušīˀtei) and Sanskrit शोषयति (śoṣáyati, ‘to parch, make dry, cause to wither, sear’).…”
-
*tappô
noun · masculine · an-stem · /ˈtɑp.pɔːː/
plug; tap
“…Of unclear origin; possibly related to Sanskrit दिप् (dip, “to push, strike (variant form of तिप् (tip, ‘to sprinkle’)”), Ancient Greek δέφω (déphō, ‘to soften, kne……”
-
*brēwō
noun · feminine · ō-stem · /ˈbrɛː.wɔː/
eyebrow
“……om *h₃bʰrúHs (‘eyebrow’). Cognates include Tocharian A pärwāṃ, Proto-Balto-Slavic *brū́ˀs, Ancient Greek ὀφρύς (ophrús), and Sanskrit भ्रू (bhrū́), all meaning ‘eyebrow’.…”
-
*hazjaną
verb · Weak class 1 · /ˈxɑz.jɑ.nɑ̃/
to call, shout
“…From Proto-Indo-European *ḱh₁s-ié, derived from *ḱeh₁s- (‘to call, to command, to instruct’). Related to Sanskrit शस्ति (śasti, ‘praise, command’), Avestan 𐬯𐬁𐬯𐬙𐬎 (sāstu, ‘to teach’) and Old Armenian սաստ (sast, ‘scolding, rebuke’)……”
-
*maimrōną
verb · Weak class 2 · /ˈmɑi̯m.rɔː.nɑ̃/
to think, be in thought, think out, ponder.
“……member, care for’). Cognate with *mīmrōną (‘to think, keep in mind, be mindful, muse’), Latin memor (‘mindful, thoughtful’), Sanskrit स्मरति (smárati, ‘he remembers, recollects’).…”
-
*murginaz
noun · masculine · a-stem · /ˈmur.ɣi.nɑz/
morning
“……n *mer- (‘to flicker, twinkle’). Cognate with Lithuanian mérkti (‘to wink’), Russian мрак (mrak, ‘gloom, darkness, shadow’), Sanskrit मर्क (marká, ‘solar eclipse’).…”
-
*putōną
verb · Weak class 2 · /ˈpu.tɔː.nɑ̃/
to stick, stab, poke
“…Uncertain. Perhaps from Proto-Indo-European *bud- (‘to shoot, sprout’); if so, then possibly cognate with Sanskrit बुन्द (bundá, ‘arrow’), Lithuanian budė, budis (‘mushroom, fungus’). However, there are two problems with this theor……”
-
*swinganą
verb · Strong class 3 · /ˈswiŋ.ɡɑ.nɑ̃/
to swing
“……ntinue a Proto-Indo-European root *swengʷʰ- (*-gʷʰ- is suggested by Gothic 𐌰𐍆𐍃𐍅𐌰𐌲𐌲𐍅𐌾𐌰𐌽 (afswaggwjan)), and may be related to Sanskrit स्वञ्ज् (svañj, ‘to embrace, clasp, twist, wind around’).…”
-
*agluz
adjective · u-stem · /ˈɑɣ.luz/
difficult, hard; troublesome or burdensome, especially in the sense ‘causing toil, pain, or distress’
“……ʰ-ló-s. This u-stem version only survived in Gothic and was remodeled as a ja-/jō-stem in West Germanic Visser 2024. Compare Sanskrit अघ, Sanskrit अघल, Ancient Greek ἄχος/ᾰ̓́χνῠμαι, and possibly Latin algus Kroonen 2013 Mallory & Adams 1997 Matasović……”
-
*eka
pronoun · /ˈe.kɑ/
I (first person, singular, nominative pronoun)
“…From Proto-Indo-European *eǵh₂-óm, a variant of the original PIE first person singular pronoun, *éǵh₂. Cognates include Sanskrit अहम् (ahám), Avestan 𐬀𐬰𐬇𐬨 (azə̄m), Proto-Slavic *(j)azъ, Epic Greek ἐγών (egṓn), all meaning ‘I’.…”
-
*fūlaz
adjective · a-stem · /ˈɸuː.lɑz/
foul, dirty
“……o-s, from *puH- (‘to be rotten; putrid’). Cognate with Lithuanian pū́ti (‘to rot’), Latin pūs (‘foul, corrupt matter; pus’), Sanskrit पूयति (pūyati, ‘rots, smells’), Persian پوسیدن (pusidan, ‘to rot’).…”
-
*fulu
pronoun · /ˈɸu.lu/
synonym of *felu
“……uropean *pl̥h₁ús, derived from the root *pleh₁- (‘to fill’). Cognate with Proto-Indo-Iranian *pr̥Húš (Avestan 𐬞𐬊𐬎𐬭𐬎 (poᵘru), Sanskrit पुरु (puru)).…”
-
*fulu
adverb · /ˈɸu.lu/
synonym of *felu
“……uropean *pl̥h₁ús, derived from the root *pleh₁- (‘to fill’). Cognate with Proto-Indo-Iranian *pr̥Húš (Avestan 𐬞𐬊𐬎𐬭𐬎 (poᵘru), Sanskrit पुरु (puru)).…”
-
*hrōþrą
noun · neuter · a-stem · /ˈxrɔː.θrɑ̃/
praise
“…From Proto-Indo-European *kreH-tro-, from *kreH- (‘to shout’). Cognate with Sanskrit कीर्ति (kīrti, ‘speech, report; fame’) (from the related root कृ (kṛ, ‘to commemorate, honor’)), Avestan 𐬗𐬀𐬭𐬆𐬐𐬆𐬭𐬆 (c……”
-
*tetruz
noun · masculine · u-stem · /ˈte.truz/
tetter
“……Indo-European *dedru-, *derdru-, a reduplicative form derived from *der- (‘to split, separate, crack, chafe, flay’). Compare Sanskrit दद्रू (dadrū, ‘a skin eruption, a type of leprosy’) and दद्रुक (dadruka, ‘leprosy’).…”
-
*wihslaz
noun · masculine · a-stem · /ˈwix.slɑz/
change
“……curve’). Related to *wikǭ (‘week’) and *wīkwaną (‘to yield, to fold’); outside of Germanic, compare Latin vicis (‘change’), Sanskrit विष्टी (viṣṭī, ‘changeable, changing’).…”
-
*wiþrą
preposition · /ˈwiθ.rɑ̃/
toward, against
“……pean *wíterom, adverbial accusative of *wíteros, from *wí (‘apart’) + *-teros (comparative). Particularly close cognate with Sanskrit वितर (vitara, ‘(leading) further away’). For the suffix development, compare *aftrą, but contrast the adjective *anþ……”
-
*þelą
noun · neuter · a-stem · /ˈθe.lɑ̃/
floor; deal (plank)
“……ndo-European *telh₂-o-s, from *telh₂- (‘flat surface, ground; board, plank’). Compare Proto-Slavic *tьlò (‘ground, bottom’), Sanskrit तल (tála, ‘surface, sloor’), Latin tellūs (‘earth; world’), Old Irish talam (‘earth, dry land’).…”
-
*þunraz
noun · masculine · a-stem · /ˈθun.rɑz/
thunder
“……(‘to thunder’). Cognate with Proto-Celtic *toranos (‘thunder’), Latin tonō (‘to thunder’), Persian تندر (tondar, ‘thunder’), Sanskrit स्तनति (stánati, ‘to resound; to thunder; to roar’), and Proto-Germanic *stenaną.…”
-
*airō
noun · feminine · ō-stem · /ˈɑi̯.rɔː/
an oar; a long-handled implement used to propel or steer a boat
“……or pulling or setting a boat in motion Höfler 2023. Related formations include Lithuanian íena, Slovene ojẹ̑ ~ ojẹ̑sa, Vedic Sanskrit अयते and ईयते, and याति. Ancient Greek οἴαξ and Vedic Sanskrit ईषा belong to the same extended nominal family Höfler……”