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*serþaną
verb · Strong class 3 · /ˈser.θɑ.nɑ̃/
to hit; to violate sexually (apparently linked with rape, homosexuality and bestiality)
“…Kroonen reconstructs Proto-Indo-European *sert- (‘to hit (?); to rub against, move obliquely against’). Compare Hittite 𒊬𒋫𒄿 (šar-ta-i, ‘to wipe, rub’) and perhaps Welsh serth (‘obscene’). Kloekhorst meanwhile argues for *serdʰH- based on……”
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*spadô
noun · masculine · an-stem · /ˈspɑ.ðɔːː/
spade
“…From Proto-Indo-European *sph₂-dʰ-. Cognate with Ancient Greek σπάθη (spáthē, ‘blade’), Hittite [script needed] (išpatar, ‘spear’).…”
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*laþō
noun · feminine · ō-stem · /ˈlɑ.θɔː/
invitation
“…From Proto-Indo-European *h₂lot-eh₂, an isogloss that only appears to be found in Germanic and Hittite. Anatolian cognates include Luwian [script needed] (ḫalta, ‘to call’), Hittite [script needed] (halzai, ‘to invoke, r……”
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*sundaz
adjective · a-stem · /ˈsun.dɑz/
healthy
“…Adjectival formation related to *sanþaz (‘true, correct’); compare also Hittite [script needed] (ašuwant-, ‘good’) (𒀀𒀸𒋗𒍑 (a-aš-šu-uš)).…”
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*griwjaną
verb · Weak class 1 · /ˈɣriw.jɑ.nɑ̃/
to dawn, begin to shine
“…From Proto-Indo-European *ǵʰreh₁u-, *ǵʰreh₁- (‘to dawn, shine’). Cognate with Hittite 𒅗𒊒𒌑 (ka-ru-ú, ‘early; up to now’).…”
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*dankwaz
adjective · a-stem · /ˈdɑŋʷ.kʷɑz/
dark
“…From Proto-Indo-European *dʰóngʷ-ó-s, from *dʰengʷ- (‘dark, hazy’), related to Hittite 𒁕 𒀭 𒆪 𒅖 (da-an-ku-iš /dankui-/, ‘dark, black, murky’).…”
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*kussaz
noun · masculine · a-stem · /ˈkus.sɑz/
kiss
“…From Proto-Indo-European *kw(e)s- (‘to kiss’), which appears to be onomatopoeic. Cognate with Hittite [script needed] (ku̯aššzi ~ ku̯aššanzi, ‘idem’), Ancient Greek κυνέω (kunéō, ‘idem’).…”
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*hurną
noun · neuter · a-stem · /ˈxur.nɑ̃/
horn
“……rh₂- (‘head, horn’). Cognate with Latin cornū, Sanskrit शृङ्ग (ṡṛṅga, ‘horn’), Old Church Slavonic сръна (srŭna, ‘roedeer’), Hittite [script needed] (surna, ‘horn’).…”
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*adisô
noun · masculine · an-stem · /ˈɑ.ði.sɔːː/
adze; a woodworking tool with the cutting edge set roughly at right angles to the handle
“……erhaps ultimately a tool noun from a poorly attested root *h₃edʰ- Kroonen 2013. The only potential extra-Germanic cognate is Hittite 𒀀𒋼𒌍𒊭 Mallory & Adams 1997 Pinault 2019a Puhvel 1984. The comparison is attractive but slender: within Germanic the wo……”
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*sailą
noun · neuter · a-stem · /ˈsɑi̯.lɑ̃/
rope; cord
“……Kroonen 2017, < *sh₂ey-tló- From Proto-Indo-European *sh₂éy-ōl ~ *sh₂i-l-és, from *sh₂ey- (‘to bind, fetter’). Cognate with Hittite [script needed] (iš-hi-ia-al, ‘band’), and possibly Proto-Balto-Slavic *séiˀlāˀ (‘soul’).…”
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*unþī
noun · feminine · ī/jō-stem · /ˈun.θiː/
wave
“……ih₂, from Proto-Indo-European *h₂en- (‘to draw water’). Compare Ancient Greek ἄντλος (ántlos, ‘hold of a ship, bilgewater’), Hittite 𒄩𒀀𒉌 (ḫa-a-ni, ‘to draw (liquids)’). Not related to Latin unda (‘wave’).…”
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*talą
noun · neuter · a-stem · /ˈtɑ.lɑ̃/
speech
“……the root *delH- (‘to reckon, calculate’). Compare *talō, *talkōną, Ancient Greek δόλος (dólos, ‘trick(ery), deceit; bait’), Hittite talliije/azi (‘to pray to, evoke (a deity)’), and Old Armenian տող (toł, ‘line, row’).…”
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*uwwalǭ
noun · feminine · ōn-stem · /ˈuw.wɑ.lɔ̃ː/
owl
“……do-European root mimicking an owl's cry, reconstructed as *h₂uh₁e/olo- from *h₂wól- or *h₂uh₁-el Fortson, 1996. Cognate with Hittite 𒄷 𒉿 𒆷 𒀸 (ḫu-wa-la-aš /ḫuwalaš/, ‘owl; bird of the underworld’).…”
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*wrekaną
verb · Strong class 5 · /ˈwre.kɑ.nɑ̃/
to pursue, to drive out
“…From Proto-Indo-European *wreg- (‘track, hunt, follow’). Cognate with Hittite ūrki- (‘track’), Tocharian B werke (‘to chase, hunt’), Sanskrit व्रजति (vrájati, ‘to go, walk, move’), and perhaps La……”
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*aljaną
noun · neuter · a-stem · /ˈɑl.jɑ.nɑ̃/
zeal, eagerness
“…Of uncertain origin. Kroonen analyzes the noun as a neuter formation in *-ana- and compares Hittite 𒄩 𒆷 𒀀 𒄿 / 𒄩 𒇷 < Proto-Indo-European *h₂l-oi-/*h₂l-i- Kloekhorst 2008 Kroonen 2013. His further comparison with Ancie……”
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*aftrą
adverb · /ˈɑɸ.trɑ̃/
back, backwards; in return
“……ccusative formation of Proto-Indo-European *apó Dunkel 2014. Compare Ancient Greek ἀπό, Vedic Sanskrit अप (ápa, ‘away’), and Hittite 𒀀𒀊𒉺; related *-tero- derivations include Sanskrit अपतरम् and Greek ἀπωτέρω Dunkel 2014.…”
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*marzijaną
verb · Weak class 1 · /ˈmɑr.zi.jɑ.nɑ̃/
to disturb, hinder, impede
“……unattested strong verb *mersaną, from Proto-Indo-European *mers- (‘to annoy, disturb, neglect, forget, ignore’). Related to Hittite [script needed] (maršant-, ‘deceitful, false, duplicitous’), Lithuanian miršti (‘to forget, lose, become oblivious, d……”
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*talō
noun · feminine · ō-stem · /ˈtɑ.lɔː/
narration, report
“……from the root *delH- (‘to reckon, aim, adjust, calculate’). Compare Ancient Greek δόλος (dólos, ‘trick(ery), deceit; bait’), Hittite talliije/azi (‘to pray to, evoke (a deity)’), and Old Armenian տող (toł, ‘line, row’).…”
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*aflaz
noun · masculine · a-stem · /ˈɑɸ.lɑz/
hearth; forge-hearth
“……of a Proto-Indo-European amphikinetic l/n-stem *h₂épōl ~ *h₂épl̥, genitive *h₂p-n-ós (‘fire pit, hearth’), comparing it with Hittite 𒄩𒀊𒁉𒈾𒀸. But the Hittite form may alternatively belong to a separate derivative, *h₃op-en-o- from the root *h₃ep-, comp……”
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*aflą
noun · neuter · a-stem · /ˈɑɸ.lɑ̃/
power, strength, might; bodily or effective force
“……effective capacity’ > ‘strength, might’. Cognates and close comparanda include Latin opus, Vedic Sanskrit अपस्, and possibly Hittite 𒄩𒀀𒀊𒈦 and 𒄩𒀊𒁉𒈾 Kloekhorst 2008.…”
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*ansuz
noun · masculine · u-stem · /ˈɑn.suz/
deity, god
“……netic masculine u-stem traditionally derived from *h₂ems-/*h₂ens- Kloekhorst 2008 Kroonen 2013 Rix et al. 2001. Cognate with Hittite 𒄩𒀸𒋗𒍑 and Proto-Indo-Iranian *Hásuš; compare Sanskrit असुर, a *-ro- derivative of the same u-stem Ginevra 2024 Kroonen……”
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*karilaz
noun · masculine · a-stem · /ˈkɑ.ri.lɑz/
free man
“……), Sanskrit जरन्त (jaranta), Old Armenian ծեր (cer), Avestan 𐬀𐬰𐬀𐬭𐬆𐬴𐬀𐬥𐬙- (azarəṣ̌ant-), Tocharian A kwär-, Tocharian B kwär-, Hittite [script needed] (karu).…”
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*sairaz
adjective · a-stem · /ˈsɑi̯.rɑz/
sore, painful
“…From Proto-Indo-European *seh₂i-ro-, a derivative of *seh₂y- (‘to be fierce, afflict’); compare Hittite [script needed] (sāwar, ‘anger’), Old Irish saeth (‘pain’), Welsh hoed (‘pain’), Latin saevus (‘fierce’), Latvian sie……”
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*anhtō
noun · feminine · ō-stem · /ˈɑ̃ːx.tɔː/
outlawry, proscription; persecution, hostile pursuit
“…Probably from pre-Germanic *h₂ank-t-, ultimately connected with the root *h₂enḱ- reflected in Hittite 𒄭𒅔𒅗; Ringe explicitly derives *h₂ank-t- > Proto-Germanic *anhtō Ringe 2017 Rix et al. 2001. Dardano Dardano 2020 lend……”
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*after
adverb · /ˈɑɸ.ter/
after, behind
“……ntrastive/local suffix *-tero-. The inherited PIE base is seen in Ancient Greek ἀπό, Sanskrit अप, Avestan 𐬀𐬞𐬀, Latin ab, and Hittite 𒀀𒀊𒉺, while the *-tero- derivative is paralleled by Sanskrit अपतरम् and Ancient Greek ἀπωτέρω Dunkel 2014 Kroonen 2013……”