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*fōdrą
noun · neuter · a-stem · /ˈɸɔːð.rɑ̃/
fodder
“……dô (‘food’) (including the *d), from an extended form *peh₂-dʰ(h₁)- or *peh₂-t- of the same PIE root, + *-r-om. Cognate with Latin pābulum (‘food, fodder’) and possibly pānis (‘bread, food’).…”
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*gans
noun · feminine · consonant stem · /ˈɣɑns/
goose
“……ted from Proto-Indo-European *ǵʰh₂éns (‘goose’). Compare Albanian gatë, Ancient Greek χήν (khḗn), Avestan 𐬰𐬁 (zā), Irish gé, Latin ānser, Latvian zùoss, Russian гусь (gusʹ), and Sanskrit हंस (haṃsá). Proto-Slavic *gǫ̑sь, however, does not exhibit the……”
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*līmaz
noun · masculine · a-stem · /ˈliː.mɑz/
glue, lime
“……īmus (‘mud’)), from *h₂leyH- (‘smear’); compare Sanskrit लयते (layate, ‘to cling’), Ancient Greek ἀλίνω (alínō, ‘to smear’), Latin linō (‘to smear’). Alternatively, from Proto-Indo-European *(s)ley- (‘sticky, slimy’), in which case it is cognate with……”
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*liþuz
noun · masculine · u-stem · /ˈli.θuz/
a bend
“……*limuz (‘limb’). Other theories include derivation from Proto-Indo-European *h₂el-, *leyH- (‘to bend’). A relationship with Latin lituus is sometimes suggested, but is doubtful as it is likely a loanword from Etruscan. Given the variety of forms, wh……”
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*aidiją
noun · neuter · ja-stem · /ˈɑi̯.ði.jɑ̃/
isthmus, strait
“……‘passage, portage’ > ‘isthmus, strait’. Compare Ancient Greek ἰτός from the more typical zero-grade of the root, *h₁i-tó-s, Latin itus, and Sanskrit इत Ringe 2017 Watkins 2011. The formally related *aiþaz may reflect a parallel *h₁óy-to-s formation……”
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*farzô
noun · masculine · an-stem · /ˈɸɑr.zɔːː/
bull; ox
“……Proto-Indo-European *porh3-s-ṓ from an o-grade, s-extended form of root *perh3- (‘to provide, produce, beget’). Cognates are Latin pariō (‘to bear, to give birth to’), Lithuanian perėti (‘brood’), Greek πόρτῐς (pórtĭs, ‘a calf, young heifer’), and S……”
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*ga-
prefix · /ɣɑ/
Indicates association or togetherness; co-.
“…From Proto-Indo-European *ḱóm (‘with, near, by, along’). Cognate with Latin co-, con-, prefix forms of cum (‘with’). The irregular change from expected **ha- to *ga- is probably due to either due……”
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*sanþaz
adjective · a-stem · /ˈsɑn.θɑz/
true, truthful, correct
“……se cognates semantically include Hittite [script needed] (ašant-, ‘true, real’), Sanskrit सन्त् (sánt, ‘being, real, good’), Latin sōns (‘guilty’). Compare also *sundī (‘guilt, misdeed’), an abstract noun derived from *h₁sóntih₂, genitive *h₁sn̥tyéh₂……”
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*sleupaną
verb · Strong class 2 · /ˈsleu̯.pɑ.nɑ̃/
to creep, slink, sneak, slip (move quietly or stealthily)
“……from earlier forms *sleuppaną < *sleubnaną, and derives it from a Proto-Indo-European *slewbʰ- (‘to slip, slide’), comparing Latin lūbricus (‘slippery’).…”
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*rukkōną
verb · Weak class 2 · /ˈruk.kɔː.nɑ̃/
to move, move back and forth, rock
“…From Pre-Germanic *Hruknéh₂-, possibly from Proto-Indo-European *h₃rewk- (‘to dig up’). Cognate with Latin runcō (“to weed”, verb), Sanskrit लुञ्चति (luñcáti, ‘to pluck’). In addition to the above theory, Kroonen suggests a de……”
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*ūdarą
noun · neuter · a-stem · /ˈuː.ðɑ.rɑ̃/
udder
“……ble athematic form in *-ur (< PIE *-r̥) having survived long enough to account for the North Germanic reflexes. Cognate with Latin ūber, Sanskrit ऊधर् (ū́dhar).…”
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*butmaz
noun · masculine · a-stem · /ˈbut.mɑz/
bottom; foundation
“……e already in Proto-Indo-European, giving Sanskrit बुध्न (budhna, ‘bottom, ground, base, depth, lowest part of anything’) and Latin fundus (‘bottom; farm; ground; foundation’), resulting in a Proto-Germanic paradigm of *budm-, *butt-, (the -tt- via Kl……”
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*akaną
verb · Strong class 6 · /ˈɑ.kɑ.nɑ̃/
to drive or travel in a vehicle; by extension, to sail or navigate
“…From Proto-Indo-European thematic present *h₂éǵ-e/o-, from *h₂eǵ-. Cognate with Ancient Greek ἄγω, Latin agō, and Sanskrit अजति; the specifically nautical meanings developed within North Germanic from the broader sense ‘driv……”
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*blōstmô
noun · masculine · an-stem · /ˈblɔːst.mɔːː/
flower
“……jectives) + *-mō (forms abstract nouns from verbs) from root bʰleh₃- (‘bloom, flower’). Related to *blōstaz, *blōmô. Compare Latin flōs (‘flower, blossom’) for the s-extension. Though a -tó suffix usually involves a zero-grade root, in this case it m……”
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*farzaz
noun · masculine · a-stem · /ˈɸɑr.zɑz/
bull; ox
“……oto-Indo-European *porh3-s-ó-s from an o-grade, s-extended form of root *perh3- (‘to provide, produce, beget’). Cognates are Latin pariō (‘to bear, to give birth to’), Lithuanian perėti (‘brood’), Greek πόρτῐς (pórtĭs, ‘a calf, young heifer’), and S……”
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*firi-
prefix · /ˈɸi.ri/
around
“……ds’), Avestan 𐬞𐬀𐬌𐬭𐬌 (pairi, ‘around, with’), Ancient Greek περί (perí, ‘about; concerning; because of; around; for; about’), Latin per, (‘through, by means of; throughout, during’), Old Church Slavonic prě-, Old Prussian per-, (‘through’), Proto-Celt……”
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*aldrą
noun · neuter · a-stem · /ˈɑl.drɑ̃/
life; the course or duration of one's life
“……arallel formations, not evidence for a specifically Celto-Germanic word. Further Indo-European relatives of the root include Latin alere and Old Irish alt; compare also Latin altus < *h₂el-tó-s, a different derivative of the same root Matasović 2009a……”
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*ankwô
noun · neuter · an-stem · /ˈɑŋ.kʷɔːː/
ointment; salve
“……of fatty substances both as food and for smearing or anointing Mallory & Adams 1997 Pronk 2021. Direct nominal cognates are Latin unguen and Old Irish imb; the same root is reflected in Old Armenian աւծանեմ, Latin unguō, Sanskrit अनक्ति, and, in a d……”
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*-ē
suffix · forms adverbs · /ɛː/
forms adverbs of manner from adjectives, like English “-ly”
“……ckers Kieckers 1960 derives this variant from PIE instrumental -ē (-*eh₁). Weiss Weiss 2009, commenting on adverbial forming Latin ē, also suggests that it is possible that the -d is secondary and that these forms reflect the PIE instrumental *-eh₁,……”
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*andiz
adverb · /ˈɑn.diz/
earlier
“……ected *-iz¹ or *-ōz, the corresponding comparative suffixes without the n-stem extension of adjectival comparatives; compare Latin magis, which preserves the inherited adverbial use of *-is Ringe 2017.…”
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*arþrą
noun · neuter · a-stem · /ˈɑr.θrɑ̃/
plow; ard, scratch plow
“……containing a liquid Olsen 1988. Cognate with Ancient Greek ἄροτρον, Old Armenian արաւր, Old Irish arathar, and Welsh aradr; Latin arātrum was remodeled after the verbal present stem de Vaan 2008.…”
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*fiþriją
noun · neuter · ja-stem · /ˈɸi.θri.jɑ̃/
feathers (collectively); plumage
“……feather’), from root *peth2- (‘to spread out, fly’) + *-(i)ją (forms neuter collective nouns from other nouns). Cognates are Latin penna (‘wing; feather, pinion; quill pen’), Cornish edhen (‘bird’), перо́ (peró, ‘pen; feather’), Ancient Greek πτερόν……”
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*Agilaz
proper noun · masculine · a-stem · /ˈɑ.ɣi.lɑz/
a male given name; Egil
“……active for the legendary archer and connects the name with Proto-Indo-European *h₂éḱ-ih₂ ~ *h₂ḱ-yéh₂-s, from *h₂eḱ-. Compare Latin acus, aciēs, Ancient Greek ἀκίς, and Sanskrit अश्रि de Vries 1977 Kroonen 2013 Ringe 2017. Another possibility is a der……”
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*alu
formula word · /ˈɑ.lu/
a protective or strengthening ritual formula, probably with sense ‘I help, strengthen, give power, protect’
“……n Early Proto-Norse first-person singular verbal form related to *alaną, ultimately from Proto-Indo-European *h₂el-; compare Latin alō Imer & Søvsø 2023 Mees 2023b Schulte 2023. Imer and Søvsø interpret runic alu as ‘I help, strengthen, give power, p……”
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*burstiz
noun · feminine · i-stem · /ˈbur.stiz/
bristle
“……érs-ti-s ~ *bʰr̥s-téy-s, from *bʰers- (‘top, point’). Formed based on the oblique cases, given zero-grade form. Cognate with Latin fastīgium (‘peak, summit, top; sharp point’), Sanskrit भृष्टि (bhṛṣṭí, ‘spike, point, top, corner, edge’). Related to *……”