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*selhaz
noun · masculine · a-stem · /ˈsel.xɑz/
seal (animal)
“…Unknown. Likely either from pre-Proto-Finnic *šülkeš (later Proto-Finnic *hülgeh; compare Finnish hylje, Estonian hüljes) or from a related substrate source. Deriv……”
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*maþô
noun · masculine · an-stem · /ˈmɑ.θɔːː/
maggot, worm
“……trate language. Compare Proto-Slavic *motyľь (‘butterfly’), Sanskrit मत्कुण (matkuṇa, ‘bug’). Possibly also related to Proto-Finnic *mato (‘worm’) (akin to Proto-Samic *muocē), in which case it would be a borrowing in either direction (although seein……”
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*hanô
noun · masculine · an-stem · /ˈxɑ.nɔːː/
rooster, cock
“…From Proto-Indo-European *keh₂n- (‘to sing’), possibly through earlier *hanā as evidenced by Proto-Finnic *kana. Cognate with Latin canō, cantō.…”
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*hamô
noun · masculine · an-stem · /ˈxɑ.mɔːː/
shape, physical form
“……la, ‘woolen shirt’), seemingly from Proto-Indo-European *ḱem- (‘to cover?’). Hyllested instead suggests borrowing from Proto-Finnic *haamoi.…”
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*hamaraz
noun · masculine · a-stem · /ˈxɑ.mɑ.rɑz/
hammer
“……lto-Slavic *kā́ˀmō may account for the Germanic short vowel, i.e. *ḱh₂moros. Hyllested instead suggests borrowing from Proto-Finnic *hamara (‘butt of an axe, back of a knife’). However, it is not clear that the proposed chronology works out: At the i……”
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*hringaz
noun · masculine · a-stem · /ˈxriŋ.ɡɑz/
ring, circle
“…From an earlier *hrengaz (compare the Proto-Finnic loanword *rëngas), from Proto-Indo-European *(s)krengʰ- (‘ring, circle’), and cognate with Proto-Slavic *krǫgъ (‘circl……”
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*stakkaz
noun · masculine · a-stem · /ˈstɑk.kɑz/
pile of hay; haystack
“……o-Indo-European *stogʰ-, cognate with Proto-Slavic *stogъ (‘stack’); the original *-gʰn- may be the source of *-kn- in Proto-Finnic *sakna (‘sauna’) if this was borrowed from pre-Proto-Germanic. Ancient Greek στόχος (stókhos, ‘brick pillar’) would al……”
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*halbaz
adjective · a-stem · /ˈxɑl.βɑz/
half
“……-, and cognate with Lithuanian šali̇̀s (‘side, strip of land’). Alternatively, a recent theory suggests borrowing from Proto-Finnic *halpa, *halba- (‘cheap, reduced’) (compare Finnish halpa (‘cheap’), Estonian halb (‘bad’)), itself possibly from Prot……”
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*badją
noun · neuter · ja-stem · /ˈbɑð.jɑ̃/
bed, sleeping place
“……ed development is ‘that which is dug out’ > ‘dug-out resting place’ > ‘bed’, but the semantic connection is uncertain; Proto-Finnic *patja, an early Germanic loan, already reflects ‘bedding’ Boutkan & Siebinga 2005. Alternatively, Mallory & Adams Mal……”
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*huppōną
verb · Weak class 2 · /ˈxup.pɔː.nɑ̃/
to move up and down; hop
“……stoop, hunch’), Lithuanian kuprà (‘hump’), and Old High German hofar, hofir (‘hump’). Possibly sound-symbolic; compare Proto-Finnic *hüp'äit'äk.…”
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*marþraz
noun · masculine · a-stem · /ˈmɑr.θrɑz/
marten
“……marþra- und Proto-Germanic *marþa- and derived the primal form Proto-Germanic *marþru from those. Has been compared to Proto-Finnic *mäkrä but problematic due to phonetic reasons. Torp has compared it morphosemantically to Lithuanian marti̇̀ (‘bride,……”
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*anduraz
noun · masculine · a-stem · /ˈɑn.du.rɑz/
snowshoe
“……lso Younger Avestan 𐬀𐬛𐬠𐬀𐬥 Kölligan 2025 Mayrhofer 1992. The direct Germanic continuation is Old Norse ǫndurr, while Proto-Finnic *antura was borrowed from the Germanic word Kroonen 2013.…”
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*tuppaz
noun · masculine · a-stem · /ˈtup.pɑz/
tuft, plait (of hair)
“……two stems to *dm̥bʰ-nó-, whence early Proto-Germanic *tumppaz, later *tumpaz. (Pystynen 2024) proposes borrowing from Proto-Finnic *tup'as, in which case *tuppaz would be more original than the e- and a-grade variants cited above.…”
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*aiþį̄
noun · feminine · īn-stem · /ˈɑi̯.θĩː/
mother
“……nd*ammǭ, *aiþį̄ lacks the characteristic phonological structure of child-directed formations Hansen 2017a Hansen 2018. Proto-Finnic *äitei is probably borrowed from Germanic Kylstra et al. 2012.…”
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*aluþ
noun · neuter · consonant stem · /ɑ.ˈluθ/
beer, ale
“……ysis of the latter as a Germanic loan, since a donor *aluþ- should have preserved some trace of the stem-final dental. Proto-Finnic *olut, by contrast, is most plausibly derived from late Proto-Scandinavian **ǫluþ-, after *a had been rounded but befo……”